{"id":478578,"date":"2023-08-09T09:35:14","date_gmt":"2023-08-09T09:35:14","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2023-09-05T11:17:07","modified_gmt":"2023-09-05T11:17:07","slug":"p-value","status":"publish","type":"wiki","link":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/vn\/wiki\/p-value\/","title":{"rendered":"gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb P"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb P, vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea gi\u00fap ki\u1ec3m tra gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft. N\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh xem c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng trong m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 suy ra r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00fang cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 hay kh\u00f4ng. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb P r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea v\u00e0 ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n<h2>L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb P v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 n\u00f3<\/h2>\n<p>Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb P \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Karl Pearson gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra chi b\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Pearson. Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c RA Fisher m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3m tra gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1920 v\u00e0 1930. Fisher \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb P l\u00e0 x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea ki\u1ec3m tra \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c \u0111oan nh\u01b0 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan s\u00e1t, gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang.<\/p>\n<h2>Th\u00f4ng tin chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb P. M\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 P-gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/h2>\n<p>Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb P l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n trong ki\u1ec3m tra gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea. N\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t m\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan s\u00e1t (ho\u1eb7c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ef1c \u0111oan h\u01a1n) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft kh\u1ed1ng (tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t) l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang.<\/p>\n<h3>Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 thay th\u1ebf<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng (H0):<\/strong> Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft thay th\u1ebf (Ha):<\/strong> \u0110i\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ee9ng minh.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>T\u00ednh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb P<\/h3>\n<p>Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb P \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p th\u1eed th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 ph\u00e9p th\u1eed t, ph\u00e9p th\u1eed chi b\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, v.v. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n<h2>C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb P. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb P ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o<\/h2>\n<p>Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb P ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean thang \u0111o li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u1eeb 0 \u0111\u1ebfn 1:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb P g\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng 0 g\u1ee3i \u00fd b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng.<\/li>\n<li>Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb P g\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng 1 g\u1ee3i \u00fd b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng y\u1ebfu ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng.<\/li>\n<li>Ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng chung l\u00e0 0,05. N\u1ebfu gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb P nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y th\u00ec gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb b\u00e1c b\u1ecf.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb P<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0110\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y v\u1edbi c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu:<\/strong> Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb P nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb P c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eabu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch sai:<\/strong> Th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m l\u00e0 x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng tranh c\u00e3i:<\/strong> Ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng 0,05 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tranh lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng kh\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c linh ho\u1ea1t.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb P. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 danh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft<\/h2>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Ki\u1ec3u<\/th>\n<th>S\u1ef1 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb P m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u<\/td>\n<td>Ki\u1ec3m tra hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng ch\u1ec9 theo m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb P hai \u0111u\u00f4i<\/td>\n<td>Ki\u1ec3m tra hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng theo c\u1ea3 hai h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>C\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb P, c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/h2>\n<h3>C\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt<\/li>\n<li>Ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh kinh doanh<\/li>\n<li>Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m y t\u1ebf<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>P-hacking: Thao t\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb P mong mu\u1ed1n.<\/li>\n<li>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng sai v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch sai<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>C\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/li>\n<li>B\u00e1o c\u00e1o minh b\u1ea1ch<\/li>\n<li>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea b\u1ed5 sung nh\u01b0 kho\u1ea3ng tin c\u1eady<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng so s\u00e1nh kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/h2>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/th>\n<th>S\u1ef1 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb P<\/td>\n<td>X\u00e1c su\u1ea5t quan s\u00e1t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u theo gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3<\/td>\n<td>Ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Kho\u1ea3ng tin c\u1eady<\/td>\n<td>Ph\u1ea1m vi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a tham s\u1ed1 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb P<\/h2>\n<p>V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb P ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m quan tr\u1ecdng. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea Bayes \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ed5 sung ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed thay th\u1ebf c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb P truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh.<\/p>\n<h2>C\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ho\u1eb7c li\u00ean k\u1ebft m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 proxy v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb P<\/h2>\n<p>C\u00e1c m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 proxy, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 do OneProxy cung c\u1ea5p, x\u1eed l\u00fd l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u1eb1m ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea. Hi\u1ec3u gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb P c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5.<\/p>\n<h2>Li\u00ean k\u1ebft li\u00ean quan<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Khan Academy \u2013 Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb P<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/P-value\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Wikipedia \u2013 Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb P<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/vn\/\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener\">OneProxy \u2013 T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"featured_media":469274,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"content-type":"","inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-478578","wiki","type-wiki","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":{"faq_title":"Frequently Asked Questions about <mark>P-value: An In-Depth Understanding<\/mark>","faq_items":[{"question":"What is a P-value?","answer":"<p>A P-value, or probability value, is a statistical measure used in hypothesis testing. It represents the probability that the observed data (or more extreme data) could occur under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.<\/p>"},{"question":"What was the origin of the P-value?","answer":"<p>The concept of the P-value was introduced by Karl Pearson in the early 20th century and later expanded by R.A. Fisher during the 1920s and 1930s. It became a cornerstone in statistical hypothesis testing.<\/p>"},{"question":"How is the P-value calculated?","answer":"<p>The P-value is calculated using different statistical tests such as the t-test or chi-squared test. The method of calculation depends on the data and the hypothesis being tested.<\/p>"},{"question":"What does the P-value indicate?","answer":"<p>A P-value close to 0 suggests strong evidence against the null hypothesis, while a P-value close to 1 suggests weak evidence against it. A common threshold is 0.05; if the P-value is less than this, the null hypothesis is typically rejected.<\/p>"},{"question":"What are the key features of a P-value?","answer":"<p>Key features include its sensitivity to sample size, the potential for misinterpretation, and controversy over the threshold (commonly 0.05) used to determine significance.<\/p>"},{"question":"What are the different types of P-values?","answer":"<p>There are mainly two types of P-values: One-tailed, which tests the effect in only one direction, and Two-tailed, which tests the effect in both directions.<\/p>"},{"question":"What are some common problems with using P-values, and how can they be solved?","answer":"<p>Common problems include P-hacking (manipulating data to achieve desired P-values) and misuse and misinterpretation. Solutions include proper education, transparent reporting, and the use of complementary statistics like confidence intervals.<\/p>"},{"question":"How are P-values relevant to the future of data science and technology?","answer":"<p>With advancements in data science and machine learning, P-values continue to be essential. New methodologies like Bayesian statistics are emerging that may complement or replace traditional P-value approaches.<\/p>"},{"question":"How can proxy servers be associated with P-value?","answer":"<p>Proxy servers like those provided by OneProxy can be used to collect data for statistical analysis. Understanding P-values helps in interpreting the data, making decisions based on user behavior, and improving services.<\/p>"},{"question":"Where can I find more information about P-values?","answer":"<p>You can find more information on websites like Khan Academy, Wikipedia, and OneProxy's page on understanding data analysis. Links to these resources are provided in the article.<\/p>"}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wiki\/478578","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wiki"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/wiki"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wiki\/478578\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/469274"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=478578"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}