{"id":478335,"date":"2023-08-09T09:31:18","date_gmt":"2023-08-09T09:31:18","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2023-09-05T11:16:35","modified_gmt":"2023-09-05T11:16:35","slug":"parallel-processing","status":"publish","type":"wiki","link":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/vn\/wiki\/parallel-processing\/","title":{"rendered":"Ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh song song"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>X\u1eed l\u00fd song song l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u00ednh to\u00e1n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd cho ph\u00e9p th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 ho\u1eb7c thao t\u00e1c, l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n. N\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p chia c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd ho\u1eb7c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean m\u00e1y t\u00ednh. C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u1eeb nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<h2>L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a x\u1eed l\u00fd song song v\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f3<\/h2>\n<p>Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m x\u1eed l\u00fd song song c\u00f3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1940 khi nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh ti\u00ean phong Konrad Zuse \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1eed l\u00fd song song \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970, x\u1eed l\u00fd song song m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111a b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u00e0 si\u00eau m\u00e1y t\u00ednh.<\/p>\n<p>N\u0103m 1971, si\u00eau m\u00e1y t\u00ednh ILLIAC IV, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Illinois, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111a b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c l\u1ec7nh song song, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho t\u00ednh to\u00e1n song song hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<h2>Th\u00f4ng tin chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 X\u1eed l\u00fd song song: M\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/h2>\n<p>X\u1eed l\u00fd song song d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc chia nh\u1ecf c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi. N\u00f3 nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch gi\u1ea3m th\u1eddi gian t\u00ednh to\u00e1n v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n song song, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 khai th\u00e1c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh song song m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n<p>C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a x\u1eed l\u00fd song song bao g\u1ed3m hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh: ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng song song v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m song song. Ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng song song bao g\u1ed3m b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111a l\u00f5i, c\u1ee5m m\u00e1y t\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 GPU (B\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda) th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng song song. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m song song bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh song song, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 OpenMP (\u0110a x\u1eed l\u00fd m\u1edf) v\u00e0 MPI (Giao di\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n tin nh\u1eafn), t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c giao ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb x\u1eed l\u00fd.<\/p>\n<h2>C\u00e1ch x\u1eed l\u00fd song song ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/h2>\n<p>X\u1eed l\u00fd song song ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1c t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd ho\u1eb7c n\u00fat trong m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5m. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh hai c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 song song:<\/strong> Theo c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 con nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 con \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb x\u1eed l\u00fd ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 khi c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ri\u00eang l\u1ebb \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft song song.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Song song d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong> Theo c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb x\u1eed l\u00fd kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu \u00edch khi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t thao t\u00e1c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a x\u1eed l\u00fd song song<\/h2>\n<p>X\u1eed l\u00fd song song cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00ednh n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trong nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p><strong>T\u0103ng t\u1ed1c:<\/strong> B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c v\u1ee5, x\u1eed l\u00fd song song c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi x\u1eed l\u00fd tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. T\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o b\u1eb1ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n song song.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng:<\/strong> C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1eed l\u00fd song song c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy m\u00f4 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb x\u1eed l\u00fd, cho ph\u00e9p x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0110i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng cao (HPC):<\/strong> X\u1eed l\u00fd song song l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a \u0110i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng cao, cho ph\u00e9p m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a ph\u00e2n t\u1eed, v.v.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>T\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean:<\/strong> X\u1eed l\u00fd song song t\u1ed1i \u0111a h\u00f3a vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Dung sai l\u1ed7i:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1eed l\u00fd song song \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu l\u1ed7i, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ngay c\u1ea3 khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i x\u1eed l\u00fd song song<\/h2>\n<p>X\u1eed l\u00fd song song c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u ti\u00eau ch\u00ed kh\u00e1c nhau, bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh giao ti\u1ebfp. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Lo\u1ea1i x\u1eed l\u00fd song song<\/th>\n<th>S\u1ef1 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>T\u00ednh song song c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb chia s\u1ebb<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Trong lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd chia s\u1ebb c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb v\u00e0 giao ti\u1ebfp b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ghi v\u00e0o n\u00f3. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a vi\u1ec7c chia s\u1ebb d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 h\u00f3a c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh xung \u0111\u1ed9t. C\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 bao g\u1ed3m b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111a l\u00f5i v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng SMP (\u0110a x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>T\u00ednh song song c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Trong lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, m\u1ed7i b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb ri\u00eang v\u00e0 giao ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd di\u1ec5n ra th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n tin nh\u1eafn. N\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c c\u1ee5m v\u00e0 si\u00eau m\u00e1y t\u00ednh. MPI l\u00e0 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Song song d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>T\u00ednh song song c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u chia d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd ch\u00fang song song. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong x\u1eed l\u00fd song song cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Song song nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>T\u00ednh song song c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 chia m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 con c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi. N\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh song song nh\u01b0 OpenMP.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>C\u00e1c c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng X\u1eed l\u00fd song song, c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang<\/h2>\n<p>X\u1eed l\u00fd song song cung c\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c nhau trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh, bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p><strong>M\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng khoa h\u1ecdc:<\/strong> X\u1eed l\u00fd song song cho ph\u00e9p m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd, h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00ed h\u1eadu v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd thi\u00ean v\u0103n.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1edbn:<\/strong> Vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed l\u00fd song song l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1edbn, cho ph\u00e9p hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y:<\/strong> Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ch\u1ea1y c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh AI\/ML c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch x\u1eed l\u00fd song song, gi\u1ea3m th\u1eddi gian c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>X\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda v\u00e0 video:<\/strong> X\u1eed l\u00fd song song \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd video th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u01a1i game, ho\u1ea1t h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda video.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed l\u00fd song song c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng t\u1ea3i:<\/strong> Ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1i \u01b0u.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong> Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ho\u1eb7c kh\u1ed1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ea1nh tranh.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Chi ph\u00ed li\u00ean l\u1ea1c:<\/strong> Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 th\u00f4ng tin li\u00ean l\u1ea1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0110\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 h\u00f3a:<\/strong> Ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 song song \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 h\u00f3a n\u00e2ng cao v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng t\u1ea3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p.<\/p>\n<h2>C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng so s\u00e1nh kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/h2>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/th>\n<th>S\u1ef1 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh song song<\/td>\n<td>Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi nhi\u1ec1u nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ho\u1eb7c thao t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i m\u00e1y t\u00ednh<\/td>\n<td>M\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng trong \u0111\u00f3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd di\u1ec5n ra tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u n\u00fat ho\u1eb7c m\u00e1y t\u00ednh ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u1eadt l\u00fd. X\u1eed l\u00fd song song l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p con c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh to\u00e1n ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0110a lu\u1ed3ng<\/td>\n<td>Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c chia m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u lu\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd ho\u1eb7c l\u00f5i. N\u00f3 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi x\u1eed l\u00fd song song, bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>X\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/td>\n<td>\u0110\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i \u1edf c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c chia s\u1ebb t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean th\u1eddi gian gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5. X\u1eed l\u00fd song song t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn x\u1eed l\u00fd song song<\/h2>\n<p>T\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a x\u1eed l\u00fd song song c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u1ea7y h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n khi nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p><strong>T\u00ednh to\u00e1n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed:<\/strong> X\u1eed l\u00fd song song l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c theo c\u1ea5p s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n cho c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c nhau b\u1eb1ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u00ednh to\u00e1n kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>GPU v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c:<\/strong> B\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda (GPU) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 FPGA (M\u1ea3ng c\u1ed5ng l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1eddng) \u0111ang ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng trong x\u1eed l\u00fd song song, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 AI\/ML.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac lai:<\/strong> K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i x\u1eed l\u00fd song song kh\u00e1c nhau (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb d\u00f9ng chung v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n) \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0110i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y:<\/strong> C\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 x\u1eed l\u00fd song song d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y cho ph\u00e9p doanh nghi\u1ec7p truy c\u1eadp c\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean t\u00ednh to\u00e1n kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>C\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ho\u1eb7c li\u00ean k\u1ebft m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 proxy v\u1edbi x\u1eed l\u00fd song song<\/h2>\n<p>M\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 proxy \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a giao ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt m\u1ea1ng. Khi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn x\u1eed l\u00fd song song, m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 proxy c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng theo nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p><strong>C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng t\u1ea3i:<\/strong> M\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 proxy c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 ph\u1ee5 tr\u1ee3, t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>B\u1ed9 nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ec7m:<\/strong> Proxy c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, gi\u1ea3m t\u1ea3i x\u1eed l\u00fd tr\u00ean m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 ph\u1ee5 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi gian ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>T\u1ea3i xu\u1ed1ng song song:<\/strong> M\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 proxy c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea3i xu\u1ed1ng song song c\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 t\u1eadp l\u1ec7nh, n\u00e2ng cao t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ea3i trang web.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>B\u1ea3o m\u1eadt v\u00e0 l\u1ecdc:<\/strong> Proxy c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt, l\u1ecdc n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, gi\u00fap b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 ph\u1ee5 tr\u1ee3 kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>Li\u00ean k\u1ebft li\u00ean quan<\/h2>\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft th\u00eam th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 x\u1eed l\u00fd song song, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean sau:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parallel_processing\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">X\u1eed l\u00fd song song tr\u00ean Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/hpc.llnl.gov\/training\/tutorials\/introduction-parallel-computing-tutorial\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n song song c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m qu\u1ed1c gia Lawrence Livermore<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dartmouth.edu\/~rc\/classes\/intro_mpi\/\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 Giao di\u1ec7n Truy\u1ec1n Tin nh\u1eafn (MPI)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, x\u1eed l\u00fd song song \u0111\u00e3 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cho ph\u00e9p gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nhanh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau. Khi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u0103ng l\u00ean, trao quy\u1ec1n cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":478336,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"content-type":"","inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-478335","wiki","type-wiki","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":{"faq_title":"Frequently Asked Questions about <mark>Parallel Processing: An Encyclopedia Article<\/mark>","faq_items":[{"question":"What is parallel processing?","answer":"<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> Parallel processing is a powerful computing technique that allows multiple tasks or operations to be performed simultaneously, significantly increasing computational efficiency. It divides complex problems into smaller, manageable parts processed concurrently by multiple processors or computing resources.<\/p>"},{"question":"How did parallel processing originate, and when was it first mentioned?","answer":"<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> The concept of parallel processing was first proposed by Konrad Zuse in the early 1940s. However, it gained practical significance in the 1970s with the development of multiprocessor systems and supercomputers. The ILLIAC IV supercomputer, designed at the University of Illinois in 1971, was one of the earliest examples of a multiprocessor system.<\/p>"},{"question":"How does parallel processing work?","answer":"<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> Parallel processing works by dividing a task into smaller subtasks or data chunks that can be processed simultaneously by multiple processing units. There are two main approaches: task parallelism, where subtasks are executed concurrently, and data parallelism, where data chunks are processed independently.<\/p>"},{"question":"What are the key features of parallel processing?","answer":"<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> Parallel processing offers several key features, including speedup, scalability, high-performance computing capabilities, efficient resource utilization, and the ability to handle fault-tolerance.<\/p>"},{"question":"What types of parallel processing exist?","answer":"<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> There are several types of parallel processing based on architectural organization and communication patterns. The main types are shared memory parallelism, distributed memory parallelism, data parallelism, and task parallelism.<\/p>"},{"question":"In which fields can parallel processing be used?","answer":"<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> Parallel processing finds applications in various fields, including scientific simulations, big data analytics, artificial intelligence, machine learning, graphics and video processing, and many others.<\/p>"},{"question":"What are the challenges of using parallel processing?","answer":"<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> Some challenges in parallel processing include load balancing, managing data dependencies, communication overhead, and synchronization among processing units. Solutions involve careful algorithm design, synchronization techniques, and load balancing strategies.<\/p>"},{"question":"What are the perspectives and future technologies related to parallel processing?","answer":"<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> The future of parallel processing looks promising with advancements in quantum computing, GPUs, accelerators, hybrid architectures, and cloud computing, which will further enhance its capabilities and performance.<\/p>"},{"question":"How can proxy servers be associated with parallel processing?","answer":"<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> Proxy servers can complement parallel processing by providing load balancing, caching, parallel downloads, security, and filtering services, optimizing network communication and enhancing overall performance.<\/p>"},{"question":"Where can I find more information about parallel processing?","answer":"<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong> For more in-depth information about parallel processing, you can explore resources such as Wikipedia's page on parallel processing, tutorials on introduction to parallel computing, and guides on the Message Passing Interface (MPI) protocol.<\/p>"}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wiki\/478335","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wiki"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/wiki"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wiki\/478335\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/478336"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=478335"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}