{"id":478333,"date":"2023-08-09T09:31:18","date_gmt":"2023-08-09T09:31:18","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2023-09-05T11:16:31","modified_gmt":"2023-09-05T11:16:31","slug":"parallel-computing","status":"publish","type":"wiki","link":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/vn\/wiki\/parallel-computing\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00ednh to\u00e1n song song"},"content":{"rendered":"

T\u00ednh to\u00e1n song song l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u00ednh to\u00e1n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c chia c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c b\u00e0i to\u00e1n con nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb x\u1eed l\u00fd. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch khai th\u00e1c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd, \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n song song n\u00e2ng cao \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n, khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu cho nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng khoa h\u1ecdc, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o, v.v.<\/p>\n

L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh to\u00e1n song song v\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f3<\/h2>\n

Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u00ednh to\u00e1n song song c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1940 khi Alan Turing v\u00e0 Konrad Zuse \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh song song trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf t\u00ednh to\u00e1n song song xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u do nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh song song.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1958, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m x\u1eed l\u00fd song song \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Control Data Corporation (CDC) 1604, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd. Sau \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1eed l\u00fd song song, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c si\u00eau m\u00e1y t\u00ednh song song \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Th\u00f4ng tin chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n song song. M\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 T\u00ednh to\u00e1n song song<\/h2>\n

T\u00ednh to\u00e1n song song bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c chia m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n l\u1edbn th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, d\u1ec5 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi x\u1eed l\u00fd tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh to\u00e1n song song, nhi\u1ec1u m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Song song b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb chia s\u1ebb v\u00e0 song song b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n l\u00e0 hai m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n song song. Song song b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb d\u00f9ng chung bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd chia s\u1ebb c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb, trong khi Song song b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau, m\u1ed7i b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb ri\u00eang.<\/p>\n

C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh to\u00e1n song song. C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh to\u00e1n song song<\/h2>\n

Trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n song song, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u00ean trong ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh:<\/p>\n

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  1. \n

    Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Flynn:<\/strong> \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t b\u1edfi Michael J. Flynn, c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac m\u00e1y t\u00ednh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lu\u1ed3ng l\u1ec7nh (m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u) v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u) m\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi. B\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 SISD (M\u1ed9t l\u1ec7nh, D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01a1n), SIMD (M\u1ed9t l\u1ec7nh, Nhi\u1ec1u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u), MISD (Nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ec7nh, D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01a1n) v\u00e0 MIMD (Nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ec7nh, Nhi\u1ec1u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u). Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac MIMD ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n song song hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  2. \n

    H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb d\u00f9ng chung:<\/strong> Trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb d\u00f9ng chung, nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd chia s\u1ebb m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 chung, cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang giao ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb d\u00f9ng chung \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba xung \u0111\u1ed9t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  3. \n

    H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n:<\/strong> Trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n, m\u1ed7i b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb ri\u00eang v\u00e0 giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd kh\u00e1c th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n tin nh\u1eafn. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho t\u00ednh to\u00e1n song song \u1ed3 \u1ea1t nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c trao \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh to\u00e1n song song<\/h2>\n

    T\u00ednh to\u00e1n song song cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00ednh n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3:<\/p>\n

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      T\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9:<\/strong> B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n chia nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 gi\u1eefa nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd, t\u00ednh to\u00e1n song song t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 th\u1eddi gian t\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, cho ph\u00e9p x\u1eed l\u00fd nhanh c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    2. \n

      Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng:<\/strong> C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n song song c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy m\u00f4 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd, cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi kh\u1eaft khe h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    3. \n

      Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao:<\/strong> V\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng khai th\u00e1c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh x\u1eed l\u00fd chung, c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n song song \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    4. \n

      T\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean:<\/strong> T\u00ednh to\u00e1n song song t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd, tr\u00e1nh th\u1eddi gian nh\u00e0n r\u1ed7i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    5. \n

      Dung sai l\u1ed7i:<\/strong> Nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n song song k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu l\u1ed7i, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ngay c\u1ea3 khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u00ednh to\u00e1n song song<\/h2>\n

      T\u00ednh to\u00e1n song song c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed kh\u00e1c nhau. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn t\u1ed5ng quan:<\/p>\n

      D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      Ng\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac<\/th>\nS\u1ef1 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
      B\u1ed9 nh\u1edb chia s\u1ebb<\/td>\nNhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd chia s\u1ebb m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb chung, gi\u00fap chia s\u1ebb v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      B\u1ed9 nh\u1edb ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n<\/td>\nM\u1ed7i b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb ri\u00eang, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

      D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Flynn:<\/h3>\n
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      1. SISD (H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u01a1n, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01a1n):<\/strong> T\u00ednh to\u00e1n tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd duy nh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t l\u1ec7nh tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m.<\/li>\n
      2. SIMD (L\u1ec7nh \u0111\u01a1n, nhi\u1ec1u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u):<\/strong> M\u1ed9t l\u1ec7nh duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi cho nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda (GPU) v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd vector.<\/li>\n
      3. MISD (Nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ec7nh, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01a1n):<\/strong> Hi\u1ebfm khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00ec n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
      4. MIMD (Nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ec7nh, nhi\u1ec1u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u):<\/strong> Lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t, trong \u0111\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn kh\u00e1c nhau tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5:<\/h3>\n
          \n
        1. Song song chi ti\u1ebft:<\/strong> Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c chia nh\u1ecf c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 nh\u1ecf, r\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho c\u00e1c b\u00e0i to\u00e1n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp.<\/li>\n
        2. Song song h\u1ea1t th\u00f4:<\/strong> Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c chia nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          C\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0110i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n song song, c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/h2>\n

          T\u00ednh to\u00e1n song song t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau, bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. \n

            M\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng khoa h\u1ecdc:<\/strong> T\u00ednh to\u00e1n song song t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd, h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n chia c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

          2. \n

            Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong> X\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1edbn v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed l\u00fd song song, cho ph\u00e9p hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n nhanh h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

          3. \n

            \u0110\u1ed3 h\u1ecda v\u00e0 k\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c:<\/strong> C\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda (GPU) s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00ednh n\u0103ng song song \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 video ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p trong th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

          4. \n

            M\u00e1y t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng cao (HPC):<\/strong> \u0110i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n song song l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng cao, cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u t\u00ednh to\u00e1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u01b0ng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n song song v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c, bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. \n

              C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng t\u1ea3i:<\/strong> Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00e1c t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh h\u01a1n c\u00e1c t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

            2. \n

              Ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong> Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nhau, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nguy c\u01a1 t\u1eafc ngh\u1ebdn v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 song song.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

            3. \n

              Chi ph\u00ed li\u00ean l\u1ea1c:<\/strong> Trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n, giao ti\u1ebfp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra chi ph\u00ed ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng t\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9ng, ph\u00e2n v\u00f9ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u chi ph\u00ed li\u00ean l\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

              C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/h2>\n

              \u0110i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n song song th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi hai m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n kh\u00e1c: \u0110i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp (x\u1eed l\u00fd tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1) v\u00e0 \u0110i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
              \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng<\/th>\nT\u00ednh to\u00e1n song song<\/th>\nM\u00e1y t\u00ednh n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp<\/th>\nM\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
              Th\u1ef1c thi nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5<\/td>\nTh\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5<\/td>\nTh\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5<\/td>\nTh\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ed3ng ch\u00e9o c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              Hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3<\/td>\nHi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cao cho c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/td>\nHi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf cho c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 l\u1edbn<\/td>\nHi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cho \u0111a nhi\u1ec7m, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              X\u1eed l\u00fd ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/td>\nX\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/td>\nTh\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n<\/td>\nX\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c v\u1ee5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              T\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean<\/td>\nS\u1eed d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c<\/td>\nC\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u00edt t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean<\/td>\nS\u1eed d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/td>\nC\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5<\/td>\nPh\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1<\/td>\nY\u00eau c\u1ea7u qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

              Vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh to\u00e1n song song<\/h2>\n

              Khi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, t\u00ednh to\u00e1n song song ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u0111\u1ea7y h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n

                \n
              1. \n

                Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t:<\/strong> K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd kh\u00e1c nhau (CPU, GPU, FPGA) cho c\u00e1c t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t, gi\u00fap c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

              2. \n

                Song song l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed:<\/strong> \u0110i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed khai th\u00e1c c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh song song tr\u00ean c\u00e1c bit l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed (qubit), c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a t\u00ednh to\u00e1n cho c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

              3. \n

                D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y:<\/strong> C\u00e1c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng cung c\u1ea5p kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u1eed l\u00fd song song cho nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 h\u00f3a quy\u1ec1n truy c\u1eadp v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

              4. \n

                Thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n song song n\u00e2ng cao:<\/strong> Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra \u0111ang t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n song song t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                C\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ho\u1eb7c li\u00ean k\u1ebft m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 proxy v\u1edbi t\u00ednh to\u00e1n song song<\/h2>\n

                M\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 proxy \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c n\u00e2ng cao kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n song song, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 trung gian gi\u1eefa m\u00e1y kh\u00e1ch v\u00e0 m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7, m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 proxy c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u n\u00fat m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng t\u1ea3i v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i \u0111a h\u00f3a vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

                Trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n, m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 proxy c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00fat m\u00e1y t\u00ednh g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea3i \u00edt nh\u1ea5t, gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a x\u1eed l\u00fd song song. Ngo\u00e0i ra, m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 proxy c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy c\u1eadp th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u00e0o b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec7m, gi\u1ea3m nhu c\u1ea7u t\u00ednh to\u00e1n d\u01b0 th\u1eeba v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n h\u01a1n n\u1eefa hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

                Li\u00ean k\u1ebft li\u00ean quan<\/h2>\n

                \u0110\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft th\u00eam th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 \u0110i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n song song, vui l\u00f2ng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean sau:<\/p>\n

                  \n
                1. Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n song song \u2013 Ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m qu\u1ed1c gia Argonne<\/a><\/li>\n
                2. T\u00ednh to\u00e1n song song - MIT OpenCourseWare<\/a><\/li>\n
                3. Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i m\u00e1y t\u00ednh IEEE - \u1ee6y ban k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 x\u1eed l\u00fd song song<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n song song l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u00fap h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 trong nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng khai th\u00e1c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh chung c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u00e0 thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n, mang \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea7y h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n, m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 proxy \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u00f4 gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a x\u1eed l\u00fd song song v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":469111,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"content-type":"","inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-478333","wiki","type-wiki","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":{"faq_title":"Frequently Asked Questions about Parallel Computing: A Comprehensive Overview<\/mark>","faq_items":[{"question":"What is Parallel computing?","answer":"

                  Answer:<\/strong> Parallel computing is a computational technique that involves breaking down complex tasks into smaller subproblems and executing them simultaneously on multiple processors. By doing so, it significantly accelerates computation, leading to faster and more efficient problem-solving across various fields.<\/p>"},{"question":"How did Parallel computing originate?","answer":"

                  Answer:<\/strong> The concept of Parallel computing dates back to the 1940s when Alan Turing and Konrad Zuse proposed the idea of parallelism in computing systems. Practical implementation, however, emerged later, with the development of the Control Data Corporation (CDC) 1604 in 1958, one of the first computers with multiple processors.<\/p>"},{"question":"What are the key features of Parallel computing?","answer":"

                  Answer:<\/strong> Parallel computing offers several key features, including increased speed, scalability, high performance, efficient resource utilization, and fault tolerance. These attributes make it invaluable for computationally intensive tasks and real-time processing.<\/p>"},{"question":"What are the types of Parallel computing?","answer":"

                  Answer:<\/strong> Parallel computing can be classified based on architectural structures and Flynn's Taxonomy. The architectural classification includes shared memory systems and distributed memory systems. Based on Flynn's Taxonomy, it can be categorized as SISD, SIMD, MISD, and MIMD.<\/p>"},{"question":"How is Parallel computing used?","answer":"

                  Answer:<\/strong> Parallel computing finds applications in diverse fields such as scientific simulations, data analysis, real-time graphics, and high-performance computing (HPC). It accelerates complex calculations and data processing, enabling faster insights and predictions.<\/p>"},{"question":"What are the challenges in Parallel computing?","answer":"

                  Answer:<\/strong> Parallel computing faces challenges such as load balancing, handling data dependencies, and communication overhead in distributed memory systems. These issues are addressed using techniques like dynamic load balancing and efficient data partitioning.<\/p>"},{"question":"What are the future perspectives of Parallel computing?","answer":"

                  Answer:<\/strong> The future of Parallel computing involves advancements in heterogeneous architectures, quantum parallelism, distributed computing, and cloud services. Research is also focused on developing advanced parallel algorithms to enhance scalability and reduce communication overhead.<\/p>"},{"question":"How can proxy servers enhance Parallel computing?","answer":"

                  Answer:<\/strong> Proxy servers play a crucial role in optimizing Parallel computing in distributed systems. By distributing incoming requests across multiple computing nodes and caching frequently accessed data, proxy servers facilitate load balancing and maximize resource utilization, leading to improved system performance.<\/p>"}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wiki\/478333","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wiki"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/wiki"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wiki\/478333\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/469111"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=478333"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}