{"id":477692,"date":"2023-08-09T09:18:51","date_gmt":"2023-08-09T09:18:51","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2023-09-05T11:15:14","modified_gmt":"2023-09-05T11:15:14","slug":"interrupt","status":"publish","type":"wiki","link":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/vn\/wiki\/interrupt\/","title":{"rendered":"Ng\u1eaft"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Ng\u1eaft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n trong khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi b\u1edfi ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd trung t\u00e2m (CPU). Khi x\u1ea3y ra ng\u1eaft, CPU s\u1ebd t\u1ea1m d\u1eebng t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n sang x\u1eed l\u00fd y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ng\u1eaft. Ng\u1eaft \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong \u0111a nhi\u1ec7m, cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi CPU m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n<h2>L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Interrupt v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 n\u00f3<\/h2>\n<p>Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ng\u1eaft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh. V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950, nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng \u1ed1ng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c chu\u1ed7i l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. Khi m\u00e1y t\u00ednh tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ngo\u1ea1i vi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u, n\u1ea3y sinh nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 do m\u00e1y t\u00ednh UNIVAC I, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t. UNIVAC I, ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh n\u0103m 1951, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng ng\u1eaft c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra.<\/p>\n<h2>Th\u00f4ng tin chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Ng\u1eaft. M\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 Ng\u1eaft.<\/h2>\n<p>Trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, ng\u1eaft r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Khi m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra, m\u1ed9t ng\u1eaft s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t, l\u00e0m d\u1eebng t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a CPU v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n quy\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n sang quy tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd ng\u1eaft. Sau khi tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd ng\u1eaft ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, CPU s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 b\u1ecb gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n<p>Ng\u1eaft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh hai lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh: ng\u1eaft ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 ng\u1eaft ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Ng\u1eaft ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i b\u1edfi c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ngo\u1ea1i vi, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 b\u00e0n ph\u00edm, chu\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c card m\u1ea1ng. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c ng\u1eaft ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 t\u1eeb h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n<h2>C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a Ng\u1eaft. C\u00e1ch ng\u1eaft ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/h2>\n<p>C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u1eaft g\u1eafn ch\u1eb7t v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a CPU v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng kh\u00e1c. Khi x\u1ea3y ra ng\u1eaft, CPU s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc sau:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ng\u1eaft (IRQ)<\/strong>: Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ng\u1eaft g\u1eedi t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ng\u1eaft (IRQ) \u0111\u1ebfn CPU, cho bi\u1ebft c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>B\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n ng\u1eaft<\/strong>: CPU nh\u1eadn t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u IRQ v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n ng\u1eaft, b\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u01b0u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c ng\u1eaft \u0111\u1ebfn. C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n ng\u1eaft ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n ng\u1eaft.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Vect\u01a1 ng\u1eaft<\/strong>: M\u1ed7i ng\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t vect\u01a1 ng\u1eaft, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh danh duy nh\u1ea5t cho lo\u1ea1i ng\u1eaft. B\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n ng\u1eaft s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng vect\u01a1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh quy tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd ng\u1eaft th\u00edch h\u1ee3p.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd ng\u1eaft<\/strong>: Tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd ng\u1eaft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ng\u1eaft c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. N\u00f3 x\u1eed l\u00fd ng\u1eaft v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecdc d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i n\u1ed9i dung<\/strong>: Khi x\u1ea3y ra ng\u1eaft, CPU s\u1ebd l\u01b0u tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 b\u1ecb gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfm ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 thanh ghi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh (PCB). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p CPU ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>X\u00e1c nh\u1eadn ng\u1eaft<\/strong>: Sau khi tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd ng\u1eaft ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, CPU s\u1ebd x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn ng\u1eaft v\u00e0 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 b\u1ecb gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n. CPU sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3 b\u1ecb gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Interrupt<\/h2>\n<p>Ng\u1eaft cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00ednh n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n n\u00e2ng cao hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9<\/strong>: Ng\u1eaft cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m giao ti\u1ebfp kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 v\u1edbi CPU, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ch\u1edd CPU th\u0103m d\u00f2 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb li\u00ean t\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>X\u1eed l\u00fd \u01b0u ti\u00ean<\/strong>: C\u00e1c ng\u1eaft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u ti\u00ean, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ng\u1eaft c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u01b0u ti\u00ean cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c ng\u1eaft c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u01b0u ti\u00ean th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/strong>: C\u00e1c ng\u1eaft cho ph\u00e9p l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh theo h\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng ho\u1eb7c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng, thay v\u00ec tu\u00e2n theo m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3<\/strong>: B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1m d\u1eebng c\u00e1c t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, c\u00e1c ng\u1eaft cho ph\u00e9p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean CPU t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba c\u00e1c chu k\u1ef3 l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed d\u00e0nh cho vi\u1ec7c th\u0103m d\u00f2.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>X\u1eed l\u00fd th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c<\/strong>: Ng\u1eaft \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c, trong \u0111\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 trong t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ho\u1eb7c robot.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ng\u1eaft<\/h2>\n<p>Ng\u1eaft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ng\u1eaft ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Ki\u1ec3u<\/th>\n<th>S\u1ef1 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Ng\u1eaft ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng<\/td>\n<td>\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o b\u1edfi c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a CPU.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ng\u1eaft ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m<\/td>\n<td>\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 t\u1eeb h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ng\u1eaft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 che gi\u1ea5u<\/td>\n<td>C\u00e1c ng\u1eaft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb CPU v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u h\u00f3a (che gi\u1ea5u), ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ng\u1eaft kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 che gi\u1ea5u<\/td>\n<td>C\u00e1c ng\u1eaft quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 che gi\u1ea5u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>K\u00edch ho\u1ea1t c\u1ea1nh<\/td>\n<td>\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ee9c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: c\u1ea1nh t\u0103ng ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea1nh gi\u1ea3m) c\u1ee7a ngu\u1ed3n ng\u1eaft.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>K\u00edch ho\u1ea1t c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9<\/td>\n<td>V\u1eabn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u ng\u1eaft \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: cao ho\u1eb7c th\u1ea5p).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>C\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Ng\u1eaft, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/h2>\n<p>Ng\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p><strong>T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb<\/strong>: Ng\u1eaft ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb nh\u01b0 b\u00e0n ph\u00edm, chu\u1ed9t v\u00e0 card m\u1ea1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi CPU m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5<\/strong>: H\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ng\u1eaft \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111a nhi\u1ec7m, cho ph\u00e9p CPU chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c lu\u1ed3ng kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c<\/strong>: Trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c, ng\u1eaft r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u00edch th\u00edch b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u1eaft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Chi ph\u00ed gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/strong>: Vi\u1ec7c ng\u1eaft th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra chi ph\u00ed ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u01b0u ti\u00ean ng\u1eaft<\/strong>: Vi\u1ec7c \u01b0u ti\u00ean th\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c ng\u1eaft l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh tranh ch\u1ea5p t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o x\u1eed l\u00fd k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u01b0u ti\u00ean cao.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0110\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 ng\u1eaft<\/strong>: Kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian gi\u1eefa y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ng\u1eaft v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed l\u00fd n\u00f3 (\u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 ng\u1eaft) ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft ng\u1eaft, \u01b0u ti\u00ean ng\u1eaft v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd ng\u1eaft hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n<h2>C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Ng\u1eaft so v\u1edbi b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>C\u00e1c ng\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n theo s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9, trong khi b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ki\u1ec3m tra s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9.<\/li>\n<li>Ng\u1eaft hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n v\u00ec ch\u00fang tr\u00e1nh l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed chu k\u1ef3 CPU khi b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu li\u00ean t\u1ee5c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Ng\u1eaft so v\u1edbi ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ng\u1eaft l\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a CPU.<\/li>\n<li>Ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n b\u00ean trong do ch\u00ednh CPU g\u00e2y ra do t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng l\u1ed7i ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Ng\u1eaft so v\u1edbi b\u1eaby<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ng\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, trong khi b\u1eaby (c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u1eaft ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh g\u1ecdi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn Interrupt<\/h2>\n<p>Khi \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u1eaft s\u1ebd v\u1eabn r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed l\u00fd s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c n\u00e2ng cao<\/strong>: Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn trong vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed l\u00fd ng\u1eaft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>X\u1eed l\u00fd ng\u1eaft hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/strong>: K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u00e0 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u0103ng trong c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb di \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u01b0u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi<\/strong>: C\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u01b0u ti\u00ean ng\u1eaft ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>C\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ho\u1eb7c li\u00ean k\u1ebft m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 proxy v\u1edbi Interrupt<\/h2>\n<p>M\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 proxy c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c ng\u1eaft trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i m\u1ea1ng. Khi nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng truy c\u1eadp Internet th\u00f4ng qua proxy, proxy c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i DNS, n\u1ed9i dung b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ec7m v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 trung gian, m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 proxy c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m duy\u1ec7t web t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n<h2>Li\u00ean k\u1ebft li\u00ean quan<\/h2>\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft th\u00eam th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 Ng\u1eaft, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean sau:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tutorialspoint.com\/operating_system\/os_interrupts.htm\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Ng\u1eaft v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd ng\u1eaft<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/introduction-of-interrupts-and-traps\/\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 ng\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u1eaby<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.kernel.org\/doc\/html\/latest\/admin-guide\/hw-vuln\/ia32.html\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">X\u1eed l\u00fd ng\u1eaft trong Linux<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>","protected":false},"featured_media":468680,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"content-type":"","inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-477692","wiki","type-wiki","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":{"faq_title":"Frequently Asked Questions about <mark>Interrupt: A Comprehensive Guide<\/mark>","faq_items":[{"question":"What is an interrupt?","answer":"<p>An interrupt is a signal sent by hardware or software to request the attention of the Central Processing Unit (CPU). It allows devices and applications to communicate with the CPU efficiently, enabling multitasking and event-driven programming.<\/p>"},{"question":"How did interrupts originate?","answer":"<p>The concept of interrupts dates back to the early days of computing in the 1950s. The UNIVAC I computer was among the first to use interrupts to handle external events like input and output operations.<\/p>"},{"question":"How do interrupts work?","answer":"<p>When an interrupt occurs, the CPU suspends its current task and transfers control to an interrupt handler routine. After handling the interrupt, the CPU resumes the interrupted task from where it left off.<\/p>"},{"question":"What are the types of interrupts?","answer":"<p>There are several types of interrupts, including hardware interrupts (from external devices), software interrupts (generated by applications), maskable interrupts (can be disabled), non-maskable interrupts (critical and cannot be masked), edge-triggered (triggered by signal level changes), and level-triggered (remains active as long as the signal is in a specific state).<\/p>"},{"question":"What are the key features of interrupts?","answer":"<p>Interrupts offer asynchronous communication, priority handling, event-driven architecture, efficient resource utilization, and real-time processing capabilities.<\/p>"},{"question":"How can interrupts be used?","answer":"<p>Interrupts are used in various applications, including device interaction, task switching in operating systems, and handling real-time events in critical systems.<\/p>"},{"question":"What are the challenges related to using interrupts?","answer":"<p>Interrupts can introduce overhead, require proper priority management, and may have latency issues. Techniques like interrupt coalescing and efficient handling routines help address these challenges.<\/p>"},{"question":"How do interrupts compare to polling, exceptions, and traps?","answer":"<p>Interrupts are event-driven and asynchronous, while polling is continuous and synchronous. Exceptions are internal events caused by the CPU, while traps are software interrupts.<\/p>"},{"question":"What are the future perspectives of interrupts?","answer":"<p>Future technologies may focus on enhanced real-time capabilities, energy-efficient interrupt handling, and innovative prioritization mechanisms.<\/p>"},{"question":"How are proxy servers associated with interrupts?","answer":"<p>Proxy servers act as intermediaries and can efficiently manage interrupts in networked environments, optimizing network traffic and enhancing the browsing experience.<\/p>"}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wiki\/477692","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wiki"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/wiki"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wiki\/477692\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/468680"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=477692"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}