{"id":477316,"date":"2023-08-09T09:11:08","date_gmt":"2023-08-09T09:11:08","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2023-09-05T11:14:30","modified_gmt":"2023-09-05T11:14:30","slug":"functional-programming","status":"publish","type":"wiki","link":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/vn\/wiki\/functional-programming\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>L\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0m (FP) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c h\u00e0m thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i chia s\u1ebb ho\u1eb7c t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ee5. FP d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc logic to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, mang l\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 t\u00ednh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u00e3.<\/p>\n<h2>Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/h2>\n<p>Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0m b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1930 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Alonzo Church v\u1ec1 ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh lambda, m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c trong logic to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n t\u00ednh to\u00e1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng trong \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n cho \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950 v\u00e0 1960 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a LISP, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean.<\/p>\n<p>LISP, vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a \u201cLISt Treatment\u201d, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1edfi John McCarthy t\u1ea1i MIT \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n cho l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0m, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 h\u00e0m h\u1ea1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 b\u1eadc cao h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ec7 quy v\u00e0 thao t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u thay v\u00ec d\u1eef li\u1ec7u s\u1ed1.<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0m chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0 ML v\u00e0 Schema, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980 mang \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Miranda v\u00e0 Haskell, hai ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef sau n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0m tinh t\u00fay.<\/p>\n<h2>M\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1: L\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/h2>\n<p>L\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00e0 t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Trong FP, c\u00e1c h\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n h\u1ea1ng nh\u1ea5t, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed1i s\u1ed1 cho c\u00e1c h\u00e0m kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. C\u00e1c h\u00e0m th\u01b0\u1eddng \u201cthu\u1ea7n t\u00fay\u201d, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ee5 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o.<\/p>\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng. M\u1ed9t khi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ph\u00e9p bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0o c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o ra d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0m c\u0169ng d\u1ef1a nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec7 quy nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, do kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u1ea7n k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, cho ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n<h2>C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/h2>\n<p>L\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n<p>Thay v\u00ec thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, FP nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c h\u00e0m thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i chia s\u1ebb. M\u1ed9t h\u00e0m thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay lu\u00f4n t\u1ea1o ra c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cho c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ee5 n\u00e0o, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0m.<\/p>\n<p>FP c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec7 quy cho lu\u1ed3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n. \u0110\u1ec7 quy l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m t\u1ef1 g\u1ecdi ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh con. \u0110\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p ho\u1eb7c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u00ednh to\u00e1n l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<p>Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0m l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u2013 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c h\u00e0m ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c h\u00e0m \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh m\u00f4-\u0111un v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 ki\u1ec3m tra, hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i.<\/p>\n<h2>C\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/h2>\n<p>D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p><strong>H\u00e0m thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay<\/strong>: M\u1ed9t h\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay n\u1ebfu gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng nhau \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ee5.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>D\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn<\/strong>: Khi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>H\u00e0m h\u1ea1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 b\u1eadc cao h\u01a1n<\/strong>: C\u00e1c h\u00e0m trong FP c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ph\u1ea1m vi n\u00e0o, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed1i s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c h\u00e0m kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0111\u1ec7 quy<\/strong>: Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec7 quy l\u00e0m c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n ch\u00ednh cho s\u1ef1 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>T\u00ednh minh b\u1ea1ch tham chi\u1ebfu<\/strong>: M\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 trong su\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tham chi\u1ebfu n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng<\/strong>: Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c khi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/h2>\n<p>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec1u tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau \u1edf tr\u00ean nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng m\u00e0 ch\u00fang cung c\u1ea5p. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ba lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay<\/strong>: C\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0y tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 d\u1ea1ng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u1eb7c t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ee5 n\u00e0o. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 bao g\u1ed3m Haskell v\u00e0 Elm.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng tinh khi\u1ebft<\/strong>: C\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ee5 v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 bao g\u1ed3m Lisp v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ec1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/strong>: Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00fang cho ph\u00e9p l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh theo nhi\u1ec1u phong c\u00e1ch. Nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng. C\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 bao g\u1ed3m JavaScript, Python, Ruby v\u00e0 Scala.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Lo\u1ea1i<\/th>\n<th>Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay<\/td>\n<td>Haskell, Elm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng tinh khi\u1ebft<\/td>\n<td>Lisp, \u0110\u1ec1 \u00e1n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0110a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/td>\n<td>JavaScript, Python, Ruby, Scala<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>C\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a L\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0m c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p li\u00ean quan<\/h2>\n<p>L\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u1eeb ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n web front-end (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n JavaScript nh\u01b0 React v\u00e0 Redux) \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u00eda m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Scala ho\u1eb7c Elixir) \u0111\u1ebfn x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Apache Spark ho\u1eb7c Pandas v\u1edbi Python).<\/p>\n<p>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng mang l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ri\u00eang. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng cong h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp<\/strong>: L\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch suy ngh\u0129 kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh ho\u1eb7c h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t<\/strong>: Do ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec7 quy v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y.<\/li>\n<li><strong>G\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i<\/strong>: Vi\u1ec7c g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n trong l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0m do c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec7 quy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c (\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp), d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng (\u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n) v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng (\u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i).<\/p>\n<h2>L\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c<\/h2>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>T\u00ednh n\u0103ng<\/th>\n<th>L\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/th>\n<th>L\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/th>\n<th>L\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i<\/td>\n<td>Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00e0 t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/td>\n<td>\u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i<\/td>\n<td>Th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng<\/td>\n<td>b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn<\/td>\n<td>C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i<\/td>\n<td>C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/td>\n<td>L\u1ec7nh g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ec7 quy v\u00e0 h\u00e0m<\/td>\n<td>Cu\u1ed9c g\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c<\/td>\n<td>V\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>T\u00ednh m\u00f4 \u0111un<\/td>\n<td>Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/td>\n<td>H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p l\u1edbp v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/td>\n<td>L\u1eddi g\u1ecdi th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb ch\u00ednh<\/td>\n<td>Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/td>\n<td>S\u1ef1 v\u1eadt<\/td>\n<td>Th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/h2>\n<p>C\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang thu h\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd trong c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u00e0 song song c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 m\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 ReactJS t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p theo c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 c\u0169ng h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi t\u00ednh to\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i, m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng.<\/p>\n<p>Trong x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 Apache Spark c\u00f3 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i l\u00e0 l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng.<\/p>\n<h2>L\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00e0 m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 proxy<\/h2>\n<p>M\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 proxy ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: logic \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn, l\u01b0u v\u00e0o b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ec7m v\u00e0 \u0111\u0103ng nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 proxy c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u00e0m thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1ec5 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n h\u01a1n, d\u1ec5 ki\u1ec3m tra h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi.<\/p>\n<p>H\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111ang g\u1eedi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 proxy c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, m\u1ed7i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, tr\u00e1nh xung \u0111\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i chia s\u1ebb.<\/p>\n<h2>Li\u00ean k\u1ebft li\u00ean quan<\/h2>\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft th\u00eam th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, h\u00e3y truy c\u1eadp c\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean sau:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/haskellbook.com\/\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">L\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh Haskell t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/learnyouahaskell.com\/\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">H\u00e3y h\u1ecdc cho b\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t Haskell th\u1eadt t\u1ed1t!<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/getify\/Functional-Light-JS\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">L\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng trong JavaScript<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cs.kent.ac.uk\/people\/staff\/dat\/miranda\/whyfp90.pdf\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">T\u1ea1i sao l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0m l\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng - John Hughes<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mitpress.mit.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/sicp\/full-text\/book\/book.html\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00e1y t\u00ednh<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/eloquentjavascript.net\/\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">JavaScript h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>","protected":false},"featured_media":468455,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"content-type":"","inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-477316","wiki","type-wiki","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":{"faq_title":"Frequently Asked Questions about <mark>Functional Programming: The Power of Pure Functions and Immutable Data<\/mark>","faq_items":[{"question":"What is Functional Programming?","answer":"<p>Functional Programming (FP) is a programming paradigm that is centered around the use of pure functions, immutable data, and the avoidance of shared state or side-effects. It emphasizes the evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids changing-state and mutable data.<\/p>"},{"question":"What is the history of Functional Programming?","answer":"<p>Functional programming traces its roots back to the 1930s with Alonzo Church's work on lambda calculus. The first functional programming language, LISP, was developed by John McCarthy at MIT in the 1950s and 1960s. The 1970s and 1980s saw the emergence of more functional programming languages like ML, Scheme, Miranda, and Haskell.<\/p>"},{"question":"What are the key features of Functional Programming?","answer":"<p>The key features of functional programming include the use of pure functions, immutable data, first-class and higher-order functions, recursion, referential transparency, and often, lazy evaluation.<\/p>"},{"question":"How does Functional Programming work internally?","answer":"<p>Functional programming uses pure functions and avoids shared state to maintain the consistency and predictability of programs. It also uses recursion for control flow and function composition to build complex functions by combining simpler ones.<\/p>"},{"question":"What are the different types of Functional Programming languages?","answer":"<p>Functional programming languages can be categorized into pure functional languages like Haskell and Elm, impure functional languages like Lisp and Scheme, and multi-paradigm languages with functional elements like JavaScript, Python, Ruby, and Scala.<\/p>"},{"question":"What are the uses and challenges of Functional Programming?","answer":"<p>Functional programming can be used in various contexts from front-end web development to server-side development to data processing. However, it can present challenges such as a steep learning curve, potential performance issues due to recursion and persistent data structures, and complexities in debugging due to concepts like lazy evaluation and recursion.<\/p>"},{"question":"How does Functional Programming compare to other paradigms?","answer":"<p>Functional programming focuses on functions and data immutability, whereas object-oriented programming focuses on objects and encapsulation, and procedural programming focuses on procedures and state change. Also, in FP, the state is immutable, control flow is managed through recursion, and modularity is achieved through function composition.<\/p>"},{"question":"How does Functional Programming relate to future technologies?","answer":"<p>Functional programming concepts are increasingly being adopted in mainstream languages and software development practices. Technologies like ReactJS for front-end development and Apache Spark for data processing leverage functional programming principles.<\/p>"},{"question":"How can Functional Programming be used in proxy servers?","answer":"<p>The logic for routing, caching, and logging in a proxy server could be modeled with pure functions in functional programming, making the system more predictable and easier to test. Also, it could simplify the handling of concurrent connections.<\/p>"}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wiki\/477316","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wiki"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/wiki"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wiki\/477316\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/468455"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=477316"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}