{"id":476501,"date":"2023-08-09T07:29:55","date_gmt":"2023-08-09T07:29:55","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2023-09-05T11:12:53","modified_gmt":"2023-09-05T11:12:53","slug":"cryptography","status":"publish","type":"wiki","link":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/vn\/wiki\/cryptography\/","title":{"rendered":"m\u1eadt m\u00e3"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/h2>\n<p>M\u1eadt m\u00e3 h\u1ecdc, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt vi\u1ebft b\u00ed m\u1eadt, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt th\u00f4ng tin nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m trong su\u1ed1t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. T\u1eeb th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1, m\u1eadt m\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c, nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh, \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a m\u1eadt m\u00e3, l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1.<\/p>\n<h2>L\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u1eadt m\u00e3<\/h2>\n<p>Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a m\u1eadt m\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u00e3 h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1eadt m\u00e3 Caesar, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Julius Caesar v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c thay th\u1ebf t\u1eebng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i trong b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh trong b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i.<\/p>\n<p>M\u1eadt m\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u01b0 Leon Battista Alberti v\u00e0 Johannes Trithemius \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y. S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u00e1o v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1eadt m\u00e3 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<p>\u0110i\u1ec3m m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u1eadt m\u00e3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t minh ra m\u00e1y Enigma trong Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 hai. Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb m\u00e3 h\u00f3a n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ee9c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng n\u00f3 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1ed3ng minh, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Alan Turing, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n<h2>Th\u00f4ng tin chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1eadt m\u00e3<\/h2>\n<p>M\u1eadt m\u00e3 h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e3 h\u00f3a v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u00ednh b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt, t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n v\u00e0 t\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. N\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i v\u0103n b\u1ea3n thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay th\u00e0nh v\u0103n b\u1ea3n m\u00e3 h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u0103n b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c b\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1eadt m\u00e3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau, bao g\u1ed3m thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n m\u00e3 h\u00f3a, thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3, kh\u00f3a m\u1eadt m\u00e3 v\u00e0 giao th\u1ee9c m\u1eadt m\u00e3. S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a m\u1eadt m\u00e3 n\u1eb1m \u1edf kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u00e3 h\u00f3a m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd m\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n<h2>C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a m\u1eadt m\u00e3<\/h2>\n<p>C\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a m\u1eadt m\u00e3 xoay quanh hai quy tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh: m\u00e3 h\u00f3a v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3. Khi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u00e3 h\u00f3a s\u1ebd di\u1ec5n ra, chuy\u1ec3n v\u0103n b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c th\u00e0nh v\u0103n b\u1ea3n m\u00e3 h\u00f3a. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ea3n m\u00e3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n r\u00f5 ban \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p.<\/p>\n<p>Hai lo\u1ea1i m\u1eadt m\u00e3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1eadt m\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 m\u1eadt m\u00e3 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng. M\u1eadt m\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t kh\u00f3a b\u00ed m\u1eadt chung duy nh\u1ea5t cho c\u1ea3 m\u00e3 h\u00f3a v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3, trong khi m\u1eadt m\u00e3 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p kh\u00f3a: kh\u00f3a chung \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e3 h\u00f3a v\u00e0 kh\u00f3a ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3.<\/p>\n<h2>C\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1eadt m\u00e3<\/h2>\n<p>M\u1eadt m\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00ednh n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu trong b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p><strong>B\u1ea3o m\u1eadt<\/strong>: M\u1eadt m\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy c\u1eadp th\u00f4ng tin nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch m\u00e3 h\u00f3a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ef1c<\/strong>: N\u00f3 x\u00e1c minh t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u1eb7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u00e1i ph\u00e9p n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u00f4ng tin.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>X\u00e1c th\u1ef1c<\/strong>: M\u1eadt m\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c minh danh t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00ean giao ti\u1ebfp, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o li\u00ean l\u1ea1c an to\u00e0n.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/strong>: V\u1edbi ch\u1eef k\u00fd s\u1ed1, m\u1eadt m\u00e3 ng\u0103n c\u00e1c b\u00ean t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t giao d\u1ecbch.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i m\u1eadt m\u00e3<\/h2>\n<p>M\u1eadt m\u00e3 bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau, m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i m\u1eadt m\u00e3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Ki\u1ec3u<\/th>\n<th>S\u1ef1 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>M\u1eadt m\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng<\/td>\n<td>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t kh\u00f3a chung duy nh\u1ea5t cho c\u1ea3 m\u00e3 h\u00f3a v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>M\u1eadt m\u00e3 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng<\/td>\n<td>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p kh\u00f3a, kh\u00f3a chung \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e3 h\u00f3a v\u00e0 kh\u00f3a ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>H\u00e0m b\u0103m<\/td>\n<td>Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u00e0nh m\u00e3 b\u0103m c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ch\u1eef k\u00fd s\u1ed1<\/td>\n<td>Cung c\u1ea5p t\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u1eef k\u00fd s\u1ed1 v\u1edbi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>M\u1eadt m\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong Elliptic (ECC)<\/td>\n<td>Cung c\u1ea5p m\u00e3 h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f3a nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi m\u1eadt m\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>C\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1eadt m\u00e3 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c li\u00ean quan<\/h2>\n<p>M\u1eadt m\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c nhau:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p><strong>B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/strong>: N\u00f3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 giao d\u1ecbch t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb truy c\u1eadp tr\u00e1i ph\u00e9p.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng an to\u00e0n<\/strong>: M\u1eadt m\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o li\u00ean l\u1ea1c an to\u00e0n qua m\u1ea1ng, bao g\u1ed3m email, nh\u1eafn tin t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi v\u00e0 giao d\u1ecbch tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>M\u00e2\u0323t kh\u00e2\u0309u ba\u0309o v\u00ea\u0323<\/strong>: N\u00f3 b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt m\u1eadt kh\u1ea9u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch b\u0103m ch\u00fang tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u01b0u tr\u1eef, ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n vi\u1ec7c truy xu\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ecb vi ph\u1ea1m.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, m\u1eadt m\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd kh\u00f3a<\/strong>: \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o, ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i v\u00e0 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef kh\u00f3a an to\u00e0n l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1eadt m\u00e3.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>T\u00ednh to\u00e1n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed<\/strong>: S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n m\u00e3 h\u00f3a c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u1eadt m\u00e3 kh\u00e1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>T\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng k\u00eanh b\u00ean<\/strong>: H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1eadt m\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng khai th\u00e1c c\u00e1c r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 th\u00f4ng tin ngo\u00e0i \u00fd mu\u1ed1n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u0103ng ho\u1eb7c b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh<\/h2>\n<p>H\u00e3y so s\u00e1nh m\u1eadt m\u00e3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng<\/th>\n<th>m\u1eadt m\u00e3<\/th>\n<th>M\u1eadt m\u00e3<\/th>\n<th>M\u00e3 h\u00f3a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/td>\n<td>B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u00ednh b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt, to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n v\u00e0 x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/td>\n<td>\u1ea8n th\u00f4ng tin trong d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c<\/td>\n<td>Chuy\u1ec3n b\u1ea3n r\u00f5 th\u00e0nh b\u1ea3n m\u00e3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u00ednh<\/td>\n<td>M\u00e3 h\u00f3a, gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3, ch\u1eef k\u00fd s\u1ed1<\/td>\n<td>Che gi\u1ea5u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, \u00e2m thanh ho\u1eb7c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c<\/td>\n<td>M\u1eadt m\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng, b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n<\/td>\n<td>D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/td>\n<td>Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u00ec n\u00f3 nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u1ea9n gi\u1ea5u<\/td>\n<td>C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edd ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n m\u00e3 h\u00f3a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>C\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng<\/td>\n<td>Truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng an to\u00e0n, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, ch\u1eef k\u00fd s\u1ed1<\/td>\n<td>Giao ti\u1ebfp b\u00ed m\u1eadt, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch b\u00ed m\u1eadt<\/td>\n<td>B\u1ea3o m\u1eadt d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i an to\u00e0n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai<\/h2>\n<p>T\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a m\u1eadt m\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7y h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n khi nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u00ednh bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p><strong>M\u1eadt m\u00e3 h\u1eadu l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed<\/strong>: C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111ang t\u00edch c\u1ef1c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>M\u00e3 h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea5u<\/strong>: Cho ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh to\u00e1n tr\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e3 h\u00f3a m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o quy\u1ec1n ri\u00eang t\u01b0 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Blockchain v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed<\/strong>: M\u1eadt m\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 then ch\u1ed1t trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt m\u1ea1ng blockchain v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 an to\u00e0n.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>T\u00ednh to\u00e1n an to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u b\u00ean<\/strong>: Cho ph\u00e9p nhi\u1ec1u b\u00ean c\u00f9ng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n tr\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ri\u00eang t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng tin nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>M\u1eadt m\u00e3 v\u00e0 m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 proxy<\/h2>\n<p>M\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 proxy v\u00e0 m\u1eadt m\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi nhau. M\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 proxy \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 trung gian gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 internet, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n ri\u00eang t\u01b0. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 m\u00e3 h\u00f3a b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch m\u00e3 h\u00f3a th\u00f4ng tin li\u00ean l\u1ea1c gi\u1eefa m\u00e1y kh\u00e1ch v\u00e0 m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 proxy, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt. Ngo\u00e0i ra, ch\u00fang gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng b\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf trong khu v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao t\u00ednh \u1ea9n danh tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n<h2>Li\u00ean k\u1ebft li\u00ean quan<\/h2>\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 th\u00eam v\u1ec1 m\u1eadt m\u00e3, h\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean sau:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/csrc.nist.gov\/projects\/cryptographic-toolkit\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Vi\u1ec7n Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Qu\u1ed1c gia (NIST) - B\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 M\u1eadt m\u00e3<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iacr.org\/\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1eadt m\u00e3 (IACR)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.coursera.org\/courses?query=cryptography\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Coursera \u2013 Kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc m\u1eadt m\u00e3<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>Ph\u1ea7n k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n<p>M\u1eadt m\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, cho ph\u00e9p li\u00ean l\u1ea1c an to\u00e0n, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n ri\u00eang t\u01b0. V\u1edbi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed phong ph\u00fa v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng, m\u1eadt m\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn. Khi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u1eadt m\u00e3 trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m s\u1ebd ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng l\u00ean, khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu cho c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng an ninh m\u1ea1ng.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":468053,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"content-type":"","inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-476501","wiki","type-wiki","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":{"faq_title":"Frequently Asked Questions about <mark>Cryptography: Securing the Digital World<\/mark>","faq_items":[{"question":"What is cryptography?","answer":"<p>Cryptography is the science of secret writing, involving the use of mathematical algorithms to encode information, ensuring its confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity.<\/p>"},{"question":"How did cryptography originate?","answer":"<p>The origins of cryptography can be traced back to ancient times, with the Caesar cipher being one of the earliest known techniques. Over the centuries, cryptography evolved through significant contributions during the Renaissance and the development of advanced encryption systems during World War II.<\/p>"},{"question":"How does cryptography work?","answer":"<p>Cryptography works by converting plain text into unreadable ciphertext through encryption. This process involves encryption algorithms and cryptographic keys. To retrieve the original information, authorized parties use decryption algorithms and the corresponding decryption keys.<\/p>"},{"question":"What are the key features of cryptography?","answer":"<p>Cryptography offers essential features, including:<\/p><ul><li><strong>Confidentiality<\/strong>: Protecting information from unauthorized access.<\/li><li><strong>Integrity<\/strong>: Ensuring data remains unaltered and trustworthy.<\/li><li><strong>Authentication<\/strong>: Verifying the identity of communicating parties.<\/li><li><strong>Non-repudiation<\/strong>: Preventing parties from denying their involvement in a transaction.<\/li><\/ul>"},{"question":"What are the main types of cryptography?","answer":"<p>There are two primary types of cryptography:<\/p><ol><li><strong>Symmetric Cryptography<\/strong>: Uses a single shared secret key for both encryption and decryption.<\/li><li><strong>Asymmetric Cryptography<\/strong>: Utilizes a pair of keys, a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption.<\/li><\/ol>"},{"question":"How is cryptography used?","answer":"<p>Cryptography finds various applications, such as data protection, secure communication over networks, password security, and digital signatures.<\/p>"},{"question":"What challenges does cryptography face?","answer":"<p>Cryptography encounters challenges like key management, potential threats from quantum computing, and side-channel attacks exploiting unintended information leaks.<\/p>"},{"question":"What are the future technologies in cryptography?","answer":"<p>The future of cryptography includes post-quantum cryptography, homomorphic encryption, blockchain and cryptocurrencies, and secure multi-party computation.<\/p>"},{"question":"How do proxy servers relate to cryptography?","answer":"<p>Proxy servers and cryptography are often combined to enhance online security. Proxy servers act as intermediaries, facilitating encryption and improving privacy and anonymity for users.<\/p>"}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wiki\/476501","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wiki"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/wiki"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wiki\/476501\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/468053"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=476501"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}