{"id":475960,"date":"2023-08-09T07:24:43","date_gmt":"2023-08-09T07:24:43","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2023-09-05T11:11:42","modified_gmt":"2023-09-05T11:11:42","slug":"backpropagation","status":"publish","type":"wiki","link":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/vn\/wiki\/backpropagation\/","title":{"rendered":"Lan truy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Lan truy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong m\u1ea1ng n\u01a1 ron nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o (ANN) cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c cho ph\u00e9p ANN h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi t\u1eeb d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang theo th\u1eddi gian. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m lan truy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc s\u00e2u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<h2>L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a lan truy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 n\u00f3<\/h2>\n<p>Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a lan truy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960 khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1ea7n kinh nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng. N\u0103m 1961, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong vi\u1ec7c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1ea7n kinh th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 lan truy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi Stuart Dreyfus trong lu\u1eadn \u00e1n Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. lu\u1eadn \u00e1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970, thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201clan truy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Paul Werbos s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp trong ANNs. Lan truy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980 khi Rumelhart, Hinton v\u00e0 Williams gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1ea7n kinh.<\/p>\n<h2>Th\u00f4ng tin chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Lan truy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c: M\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1<\/h2>\n<p>Lan truy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1ea7n kinh nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp. N\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o qua m\u1ea1ng, t\u00ednh to\u00e1n l\u1ed7i ho\u1eb7c m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ea7u ra d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, sau \u0111\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n l\u1ed7i n\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1ee3c qua c\u00e1c l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt tr\u1ecdng s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i n\u00e0y ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi m\u1ea1ng h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea7u ra mong mu\u1ed1n cho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n<h2>C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a lan truy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c: C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a lan truy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/h2>\n<p>C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a lan truy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00ednh:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p>Chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp: Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p qua m\u1ea1ng th\u1ea7n kinh, t\u1eebng l\u1edbp, \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00f3 tr\u1ecdng s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t \u1edf m\u1ed7i l\u1edbp. \u0110\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n sai s\u1ed1 ban \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Truy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c: Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c, l\u1ed7i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea7u ra sang l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng quy t\u1eafc t\u00ednh to\u00e1n chu\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a sai s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1eebng tr\u1ecdng s\u1ed1 trong m\u1ea1ng.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>C\u1eadp nh\u1eadt tr\u1ecdng s\u1ed1: Sau khi c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c, tr\u1ecdng s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt b\u1eb1ng thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean (SGD) ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u l\u1ed7i, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1eb7p: Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 l\u00f9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ho\u1eb7c cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a lan truy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/h2>\n<p>Lan truy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00ednh n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh gi\u00fap n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n m\u1ea1ng n\u01a1-ron:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>T\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t<\/strong>: Lan truy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac m\u1ea1ng th\u1ea7n kinh kh\u00e1c nhau, bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ea1ng th\u1ea7n kinh ti\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfp, m\u1ea1ng th\u1ea7n kinh t\u00e1i ph\u00e1t (RNN) v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng th\u1ea7n kinh t\u00edch ch\u1eadp (CNN).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3<\/strong>: M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ednh to\u00e1n nh\u01b0ng lan truy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a qua nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, cho ph\u00e9p n\u00f3 x\u1eed l\u00fd hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1edbn v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/strong>: B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t song song c\u1ee7a lan truy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00fap n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, cho ph\u00e9p n\u00f3 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean m\u00e1y t\u00ednh ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Phi tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh<\/strong>: Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c h\u00e0m k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t phi tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a lan truy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng th\u1ea7n kinh m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p trong d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i lan truy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/h2>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Ki\u1ec3u<\/th>\n<th>S\u1ef1 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Lan truy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n<\/td>\n<td>Thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt c\u00e1c tr\u1ecdng s\u1ed1 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a l\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1eebng tr\u1ecdng s\u1ed1. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00ednh to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1edbn.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Lan truy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean<\/td>\n<td>Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a lan truy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n gi\u00fap c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt tr\u1ecdng s\u1ed1 sau m\u1ed7i \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ri\u00eang l\u1ebb, gi\u1ea3m y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u00ednh to\u00e1n nh\u01b0ng mang l\u1ea1i t\u00ednh ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean h\u01a1n trong c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt tr\u1ecdng s\u1ed1.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Lan truy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t nh\u1ecf<\/td>\n<td>S\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p gi\u1eefa lan truy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt tr\u1ecdng s\u1ed1 theo l\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n v\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh trong c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt tr\u1ecdng s\u1ed1.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Lan truy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t<\/td>\n<td>M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn kh\u00e1c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt tr\u1ecdng s\u1ed1. N\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n song song \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng GPU ho\u1eb7c TPU m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>C\u00e1c c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lan truy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang<\/h2>\n<p><strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lan truy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh: Lan truy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ea1ng th\u1ea7n kinh t\u00edch ch\u1eadp (CNN) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 m\u1eabu trong h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh.<\/li>\n<li>X\u1eed l\u00fd ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean: Lan truy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng th\u1ea7n kinh t\u00e1i ph\u00e1t (RNN) \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, d\u1ecbch m\u00e1y v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m.<\/li>\n<li>D\u1ef1 b\u00e1o t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh: Lan truy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n gi\u00e1 c\u1ed5 phi\u1ebfu, xu h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u chu\u1ed7i th\u1eddi gian.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t<\/strong>: Trong m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1ea7n kinh s\u00e2u, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 nh\u1ecf trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 ch\u1eadm ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0m d\u1eebng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p bao g\u1ed3m s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t nh\u01b0 ReLU v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Trang b\u1ecb qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c<\/strong>: Lan truy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng trang b\u1ecb qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c, trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ea1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t tr\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n nh\u01b0ng k\u00e9m tr\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y. C\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u00ednh quy h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh quy h\u00f3a L1 v\u00e0 L2 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u vi\u1ec7c trang b\u1ecb qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c.<\/li>\n<li><strong>C\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n<\/strong>: Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1ea7n kinh s\u00e2u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi t\u00ednh to\u00e1n chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1edbn. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng GPU ho\u1eb7c TPU \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac m\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng so s\u00e1nh kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/h2>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng<\/th>\n<th>Lan truy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/th>\n<th>Xu\u1ed1ng d\u1ed1c<\/th>\n<th>Gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Ki\u1ec3u<\/td>\n<td>Thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n<\/td>\n<td>Thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a<\/td>\n<td>Thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/td>\n<td>\u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1ea7n kinh<\/td>\n<td>T\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/td>\n<td>T\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>T\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt<\/td>\n<td>Sau m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ee3t<\/td>\n<td>Sau m\u1ed7i \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/td>\n<td>Sau m\u1ed7i \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n<\/td>\n<td>V\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i<\/td>\n<td>Cao<\/td>\n<td>Trung b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn cao<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0110\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng \u1ed3n<\/td>\n<td>V\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i<\/td>\n<td>Th\u1ea5p<\/td>\n<td>Trung b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ea5p<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn lan truy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/h2>\n<p>T\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a lan truy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n. Khi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u00ednh to\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u0103ng l\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1ea7n kinh l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u1ea3 thi h\u01a1n. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111ang t\u00edch c\u1ef1c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p thay th\u1ebf cho ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p truy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp l\u1ea5y c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb sinh h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n<p>H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac m\u1ea1ng th\u1ea7n kinh m\u1edbi, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 m\u00e1y bi\u1ebfn \u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ch\u00fa \u00fd, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 x\u1eed l\u00fd ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c. S\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a lan truy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac m\u1edbi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng mang l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n n\u1eefa trong nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n<h2>C\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ho\u1eb7c li\u00ean k\u1ebft m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 proxy v\u1edbi lan truy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/h2>\n<p>M\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 proxy c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 lan truy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn. V\u00ec c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc s\u00e2u \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u00ednh to\u00e1n kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 n\u00ean c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 proxy \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 truy xu\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nhanh h\u01a1n, t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ec7m v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1ng. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 proxy, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng truy c\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5, cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n v\u1edbi m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1ea7n kinh.<\/p>\n<h2>Li\u00ean k\u1ebft li\u00ean quan<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.analyticsvidhya.com\/blog\/2021\/05\/understanding-backpropagation-in-neural-networks\/\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 lan truy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c trong m\u1ea1ng n\u01a1-ron<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/towardsdatascience.com\/backpropagation-improving-neural-networks-23b1b3ea4d28\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Lan truy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c: C\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1ea7n kinh<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/machinelearningmastery.com\/gentle-introduction-backpropagation-time\/\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 lan truy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/neuralnetworksanddeeplearning.com\/chap2.html\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">M\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1ea7n kinh v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp s\u00e2u<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"featured_media":475755,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"content-type":"","inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-475960","wiki","type-wiki","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":{"faq_title":"Frequently Asked Questions about <mark>Backpropagation: A Comprehensive Guide<\/mark>","faq_items":[{"question":"What is Backpropagation?","answer":"<p>Backpropagation is a fundamental algorithm used in artificial neural networks (ANNs) for training and optimization. It enables ANNs to learn from data and improve their performance over time.<\/p>"},{"question":"How did Backpropagation originate?","answer":"<p>The concept of backpropagation dates back to the 1960s, with early attempts made by Stuart Dreyfus in his Ph.D. thesis. The term \"backpropagation\" was first used by Paul Werbos in the 1970s. It gained significant attention in the 1980s when Rumelhart, Hinton, and Williams introduced a more efficient version of the algorithm.<\/p>"},{"question":"How does Backpropagation work?","answer":"<p>Backpropagation involves a forward pass, where input data is fed through the network, followed by a backward pass, where the error is propagated backward from the output to the input layer. This iterative process updates the network's weights until the error is minimized.<\/p>"},{"question":"What are the key features of Backpropagation?","answer":"<p>Backpropagation is versatile, efficient, scalable, and capable of handling non-linear activation functions. These features make it a powerful algorithm for training neural networks.<\/p>"},{"question":"What types of Backpropagation exist?","answer":"<p>There are several types of backpropagation, including Standard Backpropagation, Stochastic Backpropagation, Mini-batch Backpropagation, and Batch Backpropagation. Each has its advantages and trade-offs.<\/p>"},{"question":"How can Backpropagation be used?","answer":"<p>Backpropagation finds application in various domains, such as image recognition, natural language processing, and financial forecasting.<\/p>"},{"question":"What challenges are associated with Backpropagation, and how can they be solved?","answer":"<p>Backpropagation faces challenges like the vanishing gradient problem and overfitting. Solutions include using activation functions like ReLU, regularization techniques, and optimizing the network architecture.<\/p>"},{"question":"How does Backpropagation compare to Gradient Descent and Stochastic Gradient Descent?","answer":"<p>Backpropagation is an algorithm used in neural network training, while Gradient Descent and Stochastic Gradient Descent are optimization algorithms for function optimization. They differ in update frequency and computational efficiency.<\/p>"},{"question":"What does the future hold for Backpropagation?","answer":"<p>The future of backpropagation lies in advancements in hardware and algorithms, as well as exploring alternatives and combining it with novel neural network architectures.<\/p>"},{"question":"How are Proxy Servers associated with Backpropagation?","answer":"<p>Proxy servers support backpropagation tasks, particularly in large-scale distributed training, by enhancing data access and minimizing latency, leading to more efficient training with neural networks.<\/p>"}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wiki\/475960","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wiki"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/wiki"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wiki\/475960\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/475755"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=475960"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}