{"id":475908,"date":"2023-08-09T07:24:43","date_gmt":"2023-08-09T07:24:43","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2023-09-05T11:11:33","modified_gmt":"2023-09-05T11:11:33","slug":"arpanet","status":"publish","type":"wiki","link":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/tr\/wiki\/arpanet\/","title":{"rendered":"ARPANET"},"content":{"rendered":"

ARPANET (Geli\u015fmi\u015f Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Projeleri Ajans A\u011f\u0131), da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kontrole sahip ilk geni\u015f alanl\u0131 paket anahtarlama a\u011f\u0131yd\u0131 ve TCP\/IP protokol paketini uygulayan ilk a\u011flardan biriydi. Bu \u00f6zelliklerin her ikisi de g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn k\u00fcresel \u0130nternetinin olu\u015fumunda ufuk a\u00e7\u0131c\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

ARPANET'in Ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 ve \u0130lk G\u00fcnleri<\/h2>\n

ARPANET fikri ilk olarak yarat\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan 1966 y\u0131l\u0131nda ABD Savunma Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131'n\u0131n bir \u015fubesi olan ARPA'n\u0131n (\u0130leri Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Projeleri Ajans\u0131) Bilgi \u0130\u015fleme Teknikleri Ofisi'nden (IPTO) Robert Taylor taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lan bir dizi notta dile getirildi. Proje, ara\u015ft\u0131rma kurumlar\u0131ndaki bo\u015f bilgisayar kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n bir a\u011f \u00fczerinden birbirine ba\u011flanarak de\u011ferlendirilmesini ama\u00e7lad\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk i\u015flevsel ARPANET ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 21 Kas\u0131m 1969'da Los Angeles Kaliforniya \u00dcniversitesi (UCLA) ve Stanford Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc (SRI) aras\u0131nda kuruldu. 1971 y\u0131l\u0131 sonu itibariyle \u00fcniversite ara\u015ft\u0131rma b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri ve askeri tesislerden olu\u015fan 15 saha ARPANET a\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fland\u0131.<\/p>\n

ARPANET'in Detaylar\u0131na \u0130nmek<\/h2>\n

ARPANET'in tasar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n omurgas\u0131, o zamanlar devrim niteli\u011finde bir a\u011f olu\u015fturma tekni\u011fi olan paket anahtarlamayd\u0131. Paket anahtarlamadan \u00f6nce, bilgisayarlar aras\u0131ndaki veri iletimi, \u00f6zel bir telefon hatt\u0131na benzeyen devre anahtarlama kullan\u0131larak iletim s\u00fcresince s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. \u00d6te yandan paket anahtarlama, verileri k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck par\u00e7alara veya paketlere b\u00f6l\u00fcyor ve bu par\u00e7alar, var\u0131\u015f noktas\u0131nda yeniden bir araya getirilmeden \u00f6nce a\u011f \u00fczerinden en verimli yolu izleyebiliyor.<\/p>\n

ARPANET ayn\u0131 zamanda t\u00fcm \u0130nternet ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7in standart haline gelen TCP\/IP protokol paketini uygulayan ilk a\u011flar aras\u0131nda yer ald\u0131. TCP\/IP, 1973 y\u0131l\u0131nda Vint Cerf ve Bob Kahn taraf\u0131ndan tasarlan\u0131p uyguland\u0131 ve ARPANET, 1 Ocak 1983'te bunu benimsedi.<\/p>\n

ARPANET'in Mimarisi ve \u0130\u015fleyi\u015fi<\/h2>\n

ARPANET'in i\u00e7 yap\u0131s\u0131, Aray\u00fcz Mesaj \u0130\u015flemcileri (IMP'ler) olarak bilinen paket anahtarlama d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmlerinden olu\u015fuyordu. Her IMP, \u00f6zel ileti\u015fim donan\u0131m\u0131yla e\u015fle\u015ftirilmi\u015f bir Honeywell DDP-516 mini bilgisayar\u0131yd\u0131. IMP'ler y\u00fcksek h\u0131zl\u0131 hatlarla birbirine ba\u011fland\u0131. Her IMP en fazla alt\u0131 ana bilgisayar\u0131 destekleyebiliyordu ve ana bilgisayarlar aras\u0131ndaki ileti\u015fim paket anahtarlama yoluyla sa\u011flan\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

Ana bilgisayarlar, her biri se\u00e7ilen protokol paketi i\u00e7in a\u011f yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran ana bilgisayarlar, mini bilgisayarlar, i\u015f istasyonlar\u0131 ve benzerleri olabilir. Protokoller hiyerar\u015fik bir \u015fekilde uyguland\u0131. Daha alt d\u00fczeyde, a\u011f aray\u00fcz\u00fc protokolleri, ana bilgisayar ile ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu IMP aras\u0131ndaki etkile\u015fimi y\u00f6netiyordu. Daha y\u00fcksek d\u00fczeyde, ana bilgisayardan ana bilgisayara protokoller, ana bilgisayarlar aras\u0131nda veri al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fini m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

ARPANET'in Temel \u00d6zellikleri ve Katk\u0131lar\u0131<\/h2>\n

ARPANET'in temel \u00f6zellikleri \u015funlar\u0131 i\u00e7eriyordu:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \n

    Paket anahtarlama teknolojisi: Bu, geleneksel devre anahtarlama sistemlerinden b\u00fcy\u00fck bir de\u011fi\u015fimdi ve art\u0131k modern \u0130nternet ileti\u015fiminde fiili standart haline geldi.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  2. \n

    TCP\/IP protokol paketi: ARPANET, \u015fu anda \u0130nternet'in temeli olan TCP\/IP'yi uygulayan ilk a\u011flar aras\u0131ndayd\u0131.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  3. \n

    Da\u011f\u0131t\u0131k kontrol: Zaman\u0131n di\u011fer sistemlerinden farkl\u0131 olarak ARPANET'te kontrol merkezile\u015ftirilmemi\u015fti. Bu \u00f6zellik a\u011f\u0131n sa\u011flaml\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve esnekli\u011fine katk\u0131da bulundu.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  4. \n

    Aray\u00fcz Mesaj \u0130\u015flemcilerinin (IMP'ler) Kullan\u0131m\u0131: IMP'lerin kullan\u0131m\u0131, modern y\u00f6nlendirici kavram\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fcyd\u00fc.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    ARPANET'in \u00e7e\u015fitleri<\/h2>\n

    Zamanla, bir\u00e7ok temel \u00f6zelli\u011fi payla\u015fan ARPANET'ten bir\u00e7ok ilgili a\u011f geli\u015fti. Bunlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    A\u011f<\/th>\nTan\u0131m<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
    M\u0130LNET<\/td>\nABD ordusuna \u00f6zel bir a\u011f sa\u011flamak \u00fczere 1983 y\u0131l\u0131nda ARPANET'ten ayr\u0131lan bir a\u011f.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    CSNET<\/td>\nBilgisayar Bilimi A\u011f\u0131, \u00fcniversite bilgisayar bilimcilerine a\u011f hizmetleri sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla 1981 y\u0131l\u0131nda kuruldu.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    NSFNET<\/td>\nUlusal Bilim Vakf\u0131 A\u011f\u0131, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri'nde ileri ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve e\u011fitim a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik etmek amac\u0131yla 1985 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flat\u0131lan bir programd\u0131.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    Kullan\u0131m, Sorunlar ve \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcmler<\/h2>\n

    ARPANET \u00f6ncelikli olarak ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 kurumlar aras\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve ileti\u015fim i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131. S\u00fcper bilgisayarlar\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar aras\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131 ve internetin ilk uygulamas\u0131 olan, elektronik posta g\u00f6ndermek i\u00e7in y\u00fcksek h\u0131zl\u0131 bir dijital postane haline geldi.<\/p>\n

    Ancak ARPANET, evrensel olarak \u00fczerinde anla\u015fmaya var\u0131lan bir dizi protokol eksikli\u011fi ve a\u011f ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 uygulamalar\u0131n azl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da dahil olmak \u00fczere \u00e7e\u015fitli zorluklarla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131. Bunlar, TCP\/IP'nin evrensel protokol paketi olarak benimsenmesi ve elektronik posta, dosya aktar\u0131m\u0131 ve uzaktan oturum a\u00e7ma gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli uygulamalar\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesi yoluyla giderildi.<\/p>\n

    Benzer A\u011flarla Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 Analiz<\/h2>\n

    ARPANET modern internetin \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc iken di\u011fer a\u011flar da bildi\u011fimiz internete katk\u0131da bulunmu\u015ftur. \u0130\u015fte kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 bir tablo:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    A\u011f<\/th>\n\u00d6nemli Katk\u0131lar<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
    ARPANET<\/td>\nPaket anahtarlama ve TCP\/IP protokolleri kavramlar\u0131 geli\u015ftirildi ve uyguland\u0131.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    NPL A\u011f\u0131<\/td>\nPaket anahtarlaman\u0131n uygulanabilirli\u011fini g\u00f6sterdi.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Liyakat A\u011f\u0131<\/td>\nGeli\u015ftirilmi\u015f a\u011f teknolojileri ve etkilenen standartlar.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    K\u0130KLADLAR<\/td>\nDatagram kavram\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirdi ve TCP\/IP'yi etkiledi.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    ARPANET ile \u0130lgili Teknolojilerin Gelece\u011fi<\/h2>\n

    ARPANET 1990 y\u0131l\u0131nda resmi olarak kullan\u0131mdan kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olsa da, ARPANET'in temel teknolojileri internetin geli\u015fimini y\u00f6nlendirmeye devam ediyor. K\u00f6keni ARPANET'e kadar uzanan teknolojiler aras\u0131nda bulut bili\u015fim, VPN'ler ve Nesnelerin \u0130nterneti (IoT) gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli a\u011flar yer al\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

    ARPANET ve Proxy Sunucular<\/h2>\n

    ARPANET'in kendisi proxy sunucular\u0131 kullanmasa da, bu sunucular ARPANET'ten do\u011fan modern internetin ayr\u0131lmaz bir par\u00e7as\u0131 haline geldi. Proxy sunucular\u0131 internet trafi\u011finin ak\u0131\u015f\u0131nda arac\u0131 g\u00f6revi g\u00f6rerek hizmet g\u00fcvenli\u011finin, performans\u0131n ve gizlili\u011fin geli\u015ftirilmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur; bu \u00f6zellikler ARPANET'in da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, sa\u011flam do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131tmaya devam eder.<\/p>\n

    \u0130lgili Ba\u011flant\u0131lar<\/h2>\n

    Daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffetmek isteyenler i\u00e7in, ek kaynaklara y\u00f6nelik birka\u00e7 ba\u011flant\u0131y\u0131 burada bulabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. \n

      ARPANET Tamamlanma Raporu<\/a> \u2013 ARPANET'in ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131ndan kullan\u0131mdan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na kadar ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir \u00f6zeti.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    2. \n

      \u0130nternet Ge\u00e7mi\u015fi<\/a> \u2013 ARPANET'in rol\u00fc de dahil olmak \u00fczere internetin kapsaml\u0131 bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fi.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    3. \n

      Bilgisayar Tarihi M\u00fczesi<\/a> \u2013 ARPANET'in geli\u015fimi de dahil olmak \u00fczere, bilgi i\u015flemin tarihi hakk\u0131nda kapsaml\u0131 bir eser ve bilgi koleksiyonu.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>","protected":false},"featured_media":475680,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"content-type":"","inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-475908","wiki","type-wiki","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":{"faq_title":"Frequently Asked Questions about ARPANET: The Forefather of the Modern Internet<\/mark>","faq_items":[{"question":"What is ARPANET?","answer":"

      ARPANET, short for Advanced Research Projects Agency Network, was the first wide-area packet-switching network that implemented distributed control and one of the first to use the TCP\/IP protocol suite. It is considered the precursor to today's global Internet.<\/p>"},{"question":"When was ARPANET created and who was behind its creation?","answer":"

      ARPANET was conceptualized in a series of memos written by Robert Taylor of the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) at ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency), a branch of the U.S. Department of Defense, in 1966. The first functional ARPANET link was established on November 21, 1969.<\/p>"},{"question":"How did ARPANET work?","answer":"

      ARPANET worked using a network of packet-switching nodes known as Interface Message Processors (IMPs). Each IMP was a minicomputer paired with specialized communications hardware. The IMPs were interconnected by high-speed lines, and communication between the hosts was achieved through packet switching.<\/p>"},{"question":"What were the key features of ARPANET?","answer":"

      Key features of ARPANET included packet-switching technology, the TCP\/IP protocol suite, distributed control, and the use of Interface Message Processors (IMPs).<\/p>"},{"question":"What networks evolved from ARPANET?","answer":"

      Several networks evolved from ARPANET, including MILNET, CSNET, and NSFNET. These networks shared many of the key features of ARPANET and expanded its reach and utility.<\/p>"},{"question":"What were some challenges faced by ARPANET?","answer":"

      Some challenges faced by ARPANET included a lack of universally agreed-upon protocols and a lack of networked applications. These were addressed through the adoption of TCP\/IP as the universal protocol suite and the development of various applications such as electronic mail, file transfer, and remote login.<\/p>"},{"question":"What is the future of ARPANET-related technologies?","answer":"

      While ARPANET was officially decommissioned in 1990, its core technologies continue to drive internet development. Technologies that can trace their lineage back to ARPANET include cloud computing, VPNs, and large-scale networks such as the Internet of Things (IoT).<\/p>"},{"question":"How are proxy servers related to ARPANET?","answer":"

      While ARPANET itself didn't use proxy servers, these servers have become an integral part of the modern internet, which grew out of ARPANET. Proxy servers act as intermediaries in the flow of internet traffic, helping improve service security, performance, and privacy.<\/p>"}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wiki\/475908","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wiki"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/wiki"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wiki\/475908\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/475680"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=475908"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}