{"id":478578,"date":"2023-08-09T09:35:14","date_gmt":"2023-08-09T09:35:14","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2023-09-05T11:17:07","modified_gmt":"2023-09-05T11:17:07","slug":"p-value","status":"publish","type":"wiki","link":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/in\/wiki\/p-value\/","title":{"rendered":"\u092a\u0940-\u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u092a\u0940-\u0935\u0948\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942, \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948, \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092e\u093e\u092a \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092f\u0939 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u092e\u0942\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0906\u092c\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928, \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0932\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0940-\u0935\u0948\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<h2>\u092a\u0940-\u0935\u0948\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0916<\/h2>\n<p>\u092a\u0940-\u0935\u0948\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0932 \u092a\u093f\u092f\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0928 \u0928\u0947 20\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093f\u092f\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u0940-\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u091f\u0947\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0930\u090f \u092b\u093f\u0936\u0930 \u0928\u0947 1920 \u0914\u0930 1930 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0936\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u094b\u0915\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u092b\u093f\u0936\u0930 \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0940-\u0935\u0948\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0930\u092e \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0915\u093f \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<h2>P-value \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 P-value<\/h2>\n<p>\u0938\u093e\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 P-\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u094c\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0907\u0938 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e (\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u0930\u092e \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e) \u0907\u0938 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e (\u0910\u0938\u093e \u0915\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948) \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<h3>\u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0948\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e (H0):<\/strong> \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0935\u0948\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e (Ha):<\/strong> \u0906\u092a \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u092a\u0940-\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e<\/h3>\n<p>\u092a\u0940-\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u091f\u0940-\u091f\u0947\u0938\u094d\u091f, \u091a\u0940-\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u091f\u0947\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0906\u0926\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<h2>\u092a\u0940-\u0935\u0948\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0964 \u092a\u0940-\u0935\u0948\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/h2>\n<p>\u092a\u0940-\u092e\u093e\u0928 0 \u0938\u0947 1 \u0924\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0948\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0940\u092c P-\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0941\u091d\u093e\u0935 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li>1 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0940\u092c P-\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u092e\u091c\u094b\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li>\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e 0.05 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0926\u093f P-\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u092a\u0940-\u0935\u0948\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0928\u092e\u0942\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e:<\/strong> \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 P-\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0924\u0932\u092c \u091c\u093c\u0930\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u091c\u093c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e \u092e\u091c\u093c\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0964 P-\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u092e\u0942\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901:<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0938 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0926:<\/strong> 0.05 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0939\u0938 \u091a\u0932 \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0932\u094b\u0917 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u092f\u093e \u0932\u091a\u0940\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>P-\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0964 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/h2>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/th>\n<th>\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u090f\u0915-\u092a\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0940\u092f P-\u092e\u093e\u0928<\/td>\n<td>\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0926\u094b-\u092a\u0942\u0902\u091b \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092a\u0940-\u092e\u093e\u0928<\/td>\n<td>\u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>\u092a\u0940-\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0947, \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928<\/h2>\n<h3>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928<\/li>\n<li>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0932\u0947\u0928\u093e<\/li>\n<li>\u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\u092a\u0940-\u0939\u0948\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917: \u0935\u093e\u0902\u091b\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0940-\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0930\u092b\u0947\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<li>\u0926\u0941\u0930\u0941\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/li>\n<li>\u092a\u093e\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0940 \u0930\u093f\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/li>\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/h2>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f<\/th>\n<th>\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u092a\u0940-\u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f<\/td>\n<td>\u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930<\/td>\n<td>\u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932<\/td>\n<td>\u091c\u0928\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0948\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>\u092a\u0940-\u0935\u0948\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902<\/h2>\n<p>\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u0932\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925, \u092a\u0940-\u0935\u0948\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092c\u093e\u092f\u0947\u0938\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u0908 \u092a\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0916\u094b\u091c \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0940-\u0935\u0948\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0915 \u092f\u093e \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u091c\u0917\u0939 \u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<h2>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e P-\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/h2>\n<p>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f OneProxy \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f, \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 P-\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947, \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0932\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<h2>\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0938<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">\u0916\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0915\u093e\u0926\u092e\u0940 \u2013 \u092a\u0940-\u0935\u0948\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/P-value\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u2013 \u092a\u0940-\u0935\u0948\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/in\/\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0935\u0928\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940 \u2013 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u093e<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"featured_media":469274,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"content-type":"","inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-478578","wiki","type-wiki","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":{"faq_title":"Frequently Asked Questions about <mark>P-value: An In-Depth Understanding<\/mark>","faq_items":[{"question":"What is a P-value?","answer":"<p>A P-value, or probability value, is a statistical measure used in hypothesis testing. It represents the probability that the observed data (or more extreme data) could occur under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.<\/p>"},{"question":"What was the origin of the P-value?","answer":"<p>The concept of the P-value was introduced by Karl Pearson in the early 20th century and later expanded by R.A. Fisher during the 1920s and 1930s. It became a cornerstone in statistical hypothesis testing.<\/p>"},{"question":"How is the P-value calculated?","answer":"<p>The P-value is calculated using different statistical tests such as the t-test or chi-squared test. The method of calculation depends on the data and the hypothesis being tested.<\/p>"},{"question":"What does the P-value indicate?","answer":"<p>A P-value close to 0 suggests strong evidence against the null hypothesis, while a P-value close to 1 suggests weak evidence against it. A common threshold is 0.05; if the P-value is less than this, the null hypothesis is typically rejected.<\/p>"},{"question":"What are the key features of a P-value?","answer":"<p>Key features include its sensitivity to sample size, the potential for misinterpretation, and controversy over the threshold (commonly 0.05) used to determine significance.<\/p>"},{"question":"What are the different types of P-values?","answer":"<p>There are mainly two types of P-values: One-tailed, which tests the effect in only one direction, and Two-tailed, which tests the effect in both directions.<\/p>"},{"question":"What are some common problems with using P-values, and how can they be solved?","answer":"<p>Common problems include P-hacking (manipulating data to achieve desired P-values) and misuse and misinterpretation. Solutions include proper education, transparent reporting, and the use of complementary statistics like confidence intervals.<\/p>"},{"question":"How are P-values relevant to the future of data science and technology?","answer":"<p>With advancements in data science and machine learning, P-values continue to be essential. New methodologies like Bayesian statistics are emerging that may complement or replace traditional P-value approaches.<\/p>"},{"question":"How can proxy servers be associated with P-value?","answer":"<p>Proxy servers like those provided by OneProxy can be used to collect data for statistical analysis. Understanding P-values helps in interpreting the data, making decisions based on user behavior, and improving services.<\/p>"},{"question":"Where can I find more information about P-values?","answer":"<p>You can find more information on websites like Khan Academy, Wikipedia, and OneProxy's page on understanding data analysis. Links to these resources are provided in the article.<\/p>"}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/in\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wiki\/478578","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/in\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wiki"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/in\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/wiki"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/in\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wiki\/478578\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/in\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/469274"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/in\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=478578"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}