{"id":477622,"date":"2023-08-09T09:18:01","date_gmt":"2023-08-09T09:18:01","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2023-09-05T11:15:06","modified_gmt":"2023-09-05T11:15:06","slug":"integer-overflow","status":"publish","type":"wiki","link":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/in\/wiki\/integer-overflow\/","title":{"rendered":"\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/h2>\n<p>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0913\u0935\u0930\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0917\u0902\u092d\u0940\u0930 \u092d\u0947\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0917\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0924\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0911\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0932\u0947\u0916 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0939\u092e \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925-\u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0913\u0935\u0930\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u094b \u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0917\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0964<\/p>\n<h2>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0916<\/h2>\n<p>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0913\u0935\u0930\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u094b \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0909\u092d\u0930\u0940\u0964 1960 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0936\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0930\u092b\u0947\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0964 \u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0901\u0915\u093f, \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0913\u0935\u0930\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u094b \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0914\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0916 1970 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0936\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u091c\u092c C \u0914\u0930 Fortran \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947-\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0917\u090f, \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0913\u0935\u0930\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u094b \u092d\u0947\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0940\u0964<\/p>\n<h2>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0913\u0935\u0930\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u094b \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u093e<\/h2>\n<p>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0913\u0935\u0930\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u094b \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0940\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093f\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u090f\u0915 32-\u092c\u093f\u091f \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 -2,147,483,648 \u0938\u0947 2,147,483,647 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0907\u0938 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u0932\u092a\u0947\u091f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0916\u0924\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<h2>\u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/h2>\n<p>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0913\u0935\u0930\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u094b \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0939\u0948\u0964 N-\u092c\u093f\u091f \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e -2^(N-1) \u0938\u0947 2^(N-1) \u2013 1 \u0924\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u092c \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0907\u0938 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u0913\u0935\u0930\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u094b \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092c\u093f\u091f, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092c\u093f\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0938\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915\u0964 \u0913\u0935\u0930\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u094b \u0924\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u093f\u091f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0911\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<h2>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0940\u091c\u0930 \u0913\u0935\u0930\u092b\u094d\u0932\u094b \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0902<\/h2>\n<p>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0913\u0935\u0930\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u094b \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0906\u0907\u090f \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0932\u0917\u093e\u090f\u0902:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0932\u092a\u0947\u091f\u0915\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930<\/strong>\u091c\u092c \u0905\u0924\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u092f\u093e \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u0918\u0942\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e<\/strong>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0913\u0935\u0930\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u094b \u092d\u0947\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0947\u0926\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/strong>\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u092e\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091a\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0913\u0935\u0930\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u094b \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0905\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0913\u0935\u0930\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u094b \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/h2>\n<p>\u0913\u0935\u0930\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u094b \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0913\u0935\u0930\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u094b \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/th>\n<th>\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0913\u0935\u0930\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u094b<\/td>\n<td>\u092f\u0939 \u0924\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e \u0927\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u090b\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0913\u0935\u0930\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u094b<\/td>\n<td>\u092f\u0939 \u0924\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917, \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928<\/h2>\n<h3>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0913\u0935\u0930\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u094b \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/h3>\n<p>\u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0913\u0935\u0930\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u094b \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091b\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0939\u0948, \u0939\u092e\u0932\u093e\u0935\u0930 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0907\u0938 \u092d\u0947\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092b\u093e\u092f\u0926\u093e \u0909\u0920\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0913\u0935\u0930\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u094b \u0915\u093e \u0926\u0941\u0930\u0941\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u092e\u0928\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928<\/strong>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0913\u0935\u0930\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u094b \u092d\u0947\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0930\u092b\u0947\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947, \u0939\u092e\u0932\u093e\u0935\u0930 \u092e\u0928\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930 (DoS)<\/strong>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0913\u0935\u0930\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u094b \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 DoS \u0939\u092e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0917\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0936 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f<\/strong>\u0939\u092e\u0932\u093e\u0935\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0902\u091a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0913\u0935\u0930\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u094b \u0915\u093e \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0909\u0920\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928<\/h3>\n<p>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0913\u0935\u0930\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u094b \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e-\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0907\u0928\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928<\/strong>\u0921\u0947\u0935\u0932\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u0907\u0928\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0924\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0928 \u092c\u0928\u0947\u0964<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u091a\u092f\u0928<\/strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u094b\u0915 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a<\/strong>\u0905\u0902\u0915\u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0907\u0928\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0930 \u091d\u0902\u0921\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0913\u0935\u0930\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u094b \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0930 \u091d\u0902\u0921\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930<\/strong>\u0915\u0941\u091b \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0913\u0935\u0930\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u094b \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u092e\u091c\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/h2>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e<\/th>\n<th>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939<\/th>\n<th>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0921\u0930\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u094b<\/th>\n<th>\u092c\u092b\u093c\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u092d\u0947\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/td>\n<td>\u0905\u0902\u0915\u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924<\/td>\n<td>\u0905\u0902\u0915\u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924<\/td>\n<td>\u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/td>\n<td>\u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924<\/td>\n<td>\u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924<\/td>\n<td>\u0915\u094b\u0921 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f<\/td>\n<td>\u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0924\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939<\/td>\n<td>\u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u0903\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939<\/td>\n<td>\u092c\u092b\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/h2>\n<p>\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947-\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u0948\u0938\u0947-\u0935\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0913\u0935\u0930\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u094b \u0915\u092e\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0914\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928<\/strong>\u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0913\u0935\u0930\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u094b \u0915\u092e\u091c\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0914\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0928<\/strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0932 \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0913\u0935\u0930\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u094b \u0915\u094b \u0930\u094b\u0915 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/strong>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u092e\u091c\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0913\u0935\u0930\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u094b<\/h2>\n<p>OneProxy \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930, \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u094b\u092a\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0913\u0935\u0930\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u094b \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0935\u0947 \u0907\u0938 \u092d\u0947\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<h2>\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0938<\/h2>\n<p>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0913\u0935\u0930\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u094b \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/owasp.org\/www-community\/attacks\/Integer_Overflow\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">OWASP \u2013 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0913\u0935\u0930\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u094b<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/cwe.mitre.org\/data\/definitions\/190.html\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">CWE \u2013 CWE-190: \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0913\u0935\u0930\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u094b \u092f\u093e \u0930\u0948\u092a\u0905\u0930\u093e\u0909\u0902\u0921<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/wiki.sei.cmu.edu\/confluence\/display\/seccode\/Integers\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">CERT \u2013 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u2013 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0913\u0935\u0930\u092b\u094d\u0932\u094b<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"featured_media":477623,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"content-type":"","inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-477622","wiki","type-wiki","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":{"faq_title":"Frequently Asked Questions about <mark>Integer Overflow: A Comprehensive Overview<\/mark>","faq_items":[{"question":"What is integer overflow?","answer":"<p>Integer overflow occurs when a mathematical operation results in a value that exceeds the maximum representable integer for a given data type. It can lead to unexpected behaviors and security issues in software.<\/p>"},{"question":"How did integer overflow originate, and when was it first mentioned?","answer":"<p>The concept of integer overflow emerged alongside the development of computers and programming languages in the 1960s. The first formal mention of integer overflow dates back to the 1970s when programming languages like C and Fortran incorporated integer data types.<\/p>"},{"question":"How does integer overflow work?","answer":"<p>Integer overflow happens when a calculation results in a value outside the range of representable values for a specific data type. For example, a 32-bit signed integer can represent values from -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647. If a calculation exceeds this range, an overflow occurs, and the result wraps around.<\/p>"},{"question":"What are the key features of integer overflow?","answer":"<p>The key features of integer overflow include wraparound behavior, context dependence, and its varying impact depending on the compiler and hardware architecture used.<\/p>"},{"question":"What are the types of integer overflow?","answer":"<p>There are two main types of integer overflow: signed overflow and unsigned overflow. Signed overflow occurs when the result exceeds the maximum positive or minimum negative value for a signed integer, while unsigned overflow occurs when the result exceeds the maximum representable value for an unsigned integer.<\/p>"},{"question":"How can integer overflow be exploited, and what are the solutions?","answer":"<p>Attackers can misuse integer overflow to execute arbitrary code, trigger denial of service attacks, or escalate privileges. To mitigate integer overflow vulnerabilities, developers should implement input validation, choose appropriate data types, and perform boundary checks. Compiler flags and warnings, as well as language improvements, can also help prevent such vulnerabilities.<\/p>"},{"question":"How does integer overflow compare to other vulnerabilities like integer underflow and buffer overflow?","answer":"<p>Integer overflow is an arithmetic vulnerability that involves exceeding the maximum representable value, while integer underflow is the opposite, resulting in a value lower than the minimum representable value. Buffer overflow, on the other hand, is a memory-based vulnerability that allows attackers to execute code by exceeding buffer bounds.<\/p>"},{"question":"What are the future perspectives and technologies related to integer overflow?","answer":"<p>Future technologies may include formal verification, improved programming language type systems, and enhanced static code analysis to prevent and detect integer overflow vulnerabilities more effectively.<\/p>"},{"question":"How are proxy servers related to integer overflow?","answer":"<p>Proxy servers, like OneProxy, are not directly associated with integer overflow. However, they play a crucial role in enhancing online security and can act as a protective layer to mitigate potential exploits targeting this vulnerability.<\/p>"}]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/in\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wiki\/477622","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/in\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wiki"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/in\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/wiki"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/in\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wiki\/477622\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/in\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/477623"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/oneproxy.pro\/in\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=477622"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}